Metal Contents in Fish from the Bay of Bengal and Potential Consumer Exposure—The EAF-Nansen Programme
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling
2.2. Analytical Methods
2.3. Data Management and Presentation of Analytical Data
2.4. Consumer Exposure
2.5. Health Risk Assessment
2.5.1. Noncarcinogenic Exposure
2.5.2. Carcinogenic Exposure
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2. Metal Contents in Fish Species from Sri Lanka
3.3. Metal Contents in Fish Species from Bangladesh
3.4. Potential Consumer Exposure
3.5. Health Risk Assessment in Edible Tissues of Different Fish Species
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Metal | Maximum Limit (mg/kg w.w.) | Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) |
---|---|---|
Arsenic (As) | - a | - b |
Cadmium (Cd) | 0.050 c | PTMI: 25 µg/kg b.w. d |
Mercury (Hg) | 0.50 c,e,f | 1.6 µg/kg b.w. g |
Lead (Pb) | 0.30 c,e | - b |
Scientific Name | Tissue Sampled | Number of Composite Samples | Number of Fish in Each Composite Sample |
---|---|---|---|
Fish from Sri Lanka | |||
Small fish | |||
Amblygaster sirm | Whole fish | 3 | 25 |
Auxis thazard | Whole fish | 3 | 25 |
Decapterus macrosoma1 | Whole fish | 3 | 25 |
Decapterus macrosoma2 | Whole fish | 3 | 25 |
Encrasicholina devisi | Whole fish | 3 | 50 |
Equulites elongates | Whole fish | 3 | 25 |
Leiognathus dussumieri | Whole fish | 3 | 25 |
Photopectoralis bindus1 | Whole fish | 3 | 25 |
Photopectoralis bindus2 | Whole fish | 3 | 25 |
Rastrelliger kanagurta | Whole fish | 3 | 25 |
Sillago ingenuua | Whole fish | 3 | 25 |
Stolephorus indicus | Whole fish | 3 | 25 |
Large fish | |||
Carangoides fulvoguttatus | Fillet | 3 | 5 |
Diagramma pictum | Fillet | 3 | 5 |
Lethrinus olivaceus | Fillet | 3 | 5 |
Lutjanus lutjanus | Fillet | 3 | 5 |
Nemipterus bipunctatus | Fillet | 3 | 5 |
Selar crumenophthalmus | Fillet | 3 | 5 |
Sphyraena jello | Fillet | 3 | 5 |
Fish from Bangladesh a | |||
Benthosema fibulatum Bregmaceros mcclellandi | Whole fish Whole fish | 3 3 | 250 280 |
Dussumieria elopsoides1 | Fillet with skin and bones | 3 | 25 |
Dussumieria elopsoides2 | Fillet with skin and bones | 3 | 25 |
Dussumieria elopsoides3 | Fillet with skin and bones | 3 | 23 b |
Harpadon nehereus1 | Fillet with skin and bones | 3 | 25 |
Harpadon nehereus2 | Fillet with skin and bones | 3 | 20 |
Megalaspis cordyla | Fillet with skin and bones | 3 | 5 |
Pentaprion longimanus | Fillet with skin and bones | 3 | 25 |
Sardinella fimbriata1 | Fillet with skin and bones | 3 | 23 b |
Sardinella fimbriata2 | Fillet with skin and bones | 3 | 25 |
Sardinella fimbriata3 | Fillet with skin and bones | 3 | 25 |
Scientific Name | Common Name | Local Name | Habitat | Average Weight (g) b | Average Length (cm) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fish from Sri Lanka | Sinhalese Name c | Tamil Name c | ||||
Small fish | ||||||
Amblygaster sirm | Trenched sardinella | Hurulla | Keerimeen saalai | Pelagic | 278 ± 20 | 10.5 |
Auxis thazard | Frigate tuna | Alagoduwa | Urulan soorai | Pelagic | 1180 ± 27 | 16.2 |
Decapterus macrosoma1 | Shortfin scad | Linna | Mundakan kilichchi | Pelagic | 763 ± 23 | 13.5 |
Decapterus macrosoma2 | Shortfin scad | Linna | Mundakan kilichchi | Pelagic | 273 ± 22 | 9.2 |
Encrasicholina devisi | Devis’ anchovy | Halmessa | Neththili | Pelagic | 219 ± 1 | 10.5 |
Equulites elongatus | Slender ponyfish | Karalla | Karal | Demersal | 183 ± 8 | 7.7 |
Leiognathus dussumieri | Dussumier’s ponyfish | Karalla | Vari karai | Demersal | 637 ± 56 | 10.6 |
Photopectoralis bindus1 | Orangefin ponyfish | Karalla | Tatnam-kare | Demersal | 245 ± 20 | 7.4 |
Photopectoralis bindus2 | Orangefin ponyfish | Karalla | Tatnam-kare | Demersal | 228 ± 10 | 7.5 |
Rastrelliger kanagurta | Indian mackerel | Kumbalava | Kanang keluththi | Pelagic | 610 ± 6 | 12.5 |
Sillago ingenuua | Bay whiting | - d | Kelangan | Demersal | 1099 ± 24 | 16.3 |
Stolephorus indicus | Indian anchovy | Halmassa | Neththili | Pelagic | 676 ± 10 | 13.2 |
Large fish | ||||||
Carangoides fulvoguttatuse | Yellowspotted trevally | Thumba parawa | Manjal parai | Reef-associated | 168 ± 31 | 20.5 ± 1.5 |
Diagramma pictum | Painted sweetlips | Gobaya | Kallu kallewa | Reef-associated | 1694 ± 906 | 47.9 ± 7.5 |
Lethrinus olivaceus | Long-face emperor | Uru hota | Thinan | Reef-associated | 1886 ± 2275 | 46.4 ± 17.4 |
Lutjanus lutjanus | Bigeye snapper | Hunu ranna | Nooleni | Demersal | 317 ± 58 | 27.5 ± 1.8 |
Nemipterus bipunctatuse | Delagoa threadfin bream | - d | Cundil | Demersal | 78 ± 45 | 16.3 ± 3.2 |
Selar crumenophthalmuse | Bigeye scad | Bolla | Chooparai | Reef-associated | 174 ± 45 | 21.3 ± 1.7 |
Sphyraena jello | Pickhandle barracuda | Silava | Jeela | Reef-associated | 2885 ± 557 | 88.5 ± 5.6 |
Fish from Bangladesh | ||||||
Benthosema fibulatum | Spinycheek lanternfish | Puiya | Mesopelagic | 0.6 | <5 | |
Bregmaceros mcclellandi | Unicorn cod | - d | Mesopelagic | 0.5 | <6 | |
Dussumieria elopsoides1 | Slender rainbow sardine | Maricha | Pelagic | 49.7 | 17.0 | |
Dussumieria elopsoides2 | Slender rainbow sardine | Maricha | Pelagic | 72.6 | 20.3 | |
Dussumieria elopsoides3 | Slender rainbow sardine | Maricha | Pelagic | 67.8 | 19.3 | |
Harpadon nehereus1 | Bombay duck | Loittya | Demersal | 110.3 | 25.5 | |
Harpadon nehereus2 | Bombay duck | Loittya | Demersal | 117.7 | 24.2 | |
Megalaspis cordyla | Torpedo scad | Kuawa | Pelagic | 114.6 | 25.2 | |
Pentaprion longimanus | Longfin mojarra | Dom Mach | Demersal | 20.8 | 11.4 | |
Sardinella fimbriata1 | Fringescale sardinella | Chapila | Pelagic | 35.2 | 16.1 | |
Sardinella fimbriata2 | Fringescale sardinella | Chapila | Pelagic | 40.3 | 16.4 | |
Sardinella fimbriata3 | Fringescale sardinella | Chapila | Pelagic | 43.5 | 16.4 |
Species a | As (mg/kg w.w.) | Cd (mg/kg w.w.) | Hg (mg/kg w.w.) | Pb (mg/kg w.w.) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fish from Sri Lanka | ||||
Small fish | ||||
Amblygaster sirm | 1.13 ± 0.06 | 0.300 ± 0.026 b | 0.012 ± 0.002 | 0.011 ± 0.001 |
Auxis thazard | 1.10 ± 0.00 | 0.177 ± 0.021 c | 0.005 ± 0.001 | 0.006 ± 0.000 |
Decapterus macrosoma1 | 9.27 ± 1.02 | 1.043 ± 0.100 b | 0.031 ± 0.005 | 0.018 ± 0.001 |
Decapterus macrosoma2 | 0.83 ± 0.05 | 0.467 ± 0.035 b | 0.002 ± 0.000 | 0.006 ± 0.001 |
Encrasicholina devisi | 0.93 ± 0.04 | 0.303 ± 0.023 b | 0.015 ± 0.001 | 0.009 ± 0.001 |
Equulites elongatus | 1.80 ± 0.10 | 0.103 ± 0.006 b | 0.017 ± 0.001 | 0.012 ± 0.002 |
Leiognathus dussumieri | 3.77 ± 0.38 | 0.049 ± 0.002 | 0.034 ± 0.003 | 0.081 ± 0.017 |
Photopectoralis bindus1 | 1.57 ± 0.06 | 0.072 ± 0.040 b | 0.007 ± 0.001 | 0.031 ± 0.001 |
Photopectoralis bindus2 | 1.90 ± 0.17 | 0.055 ± 0.005 b | 0.007 ± 0.007 | 0.020 ± 0.003 |
Rastrelliger kanagurta | 0.69 ± 0.03 | 0.273 ± 0.006 b | 0.003 ± 0.001 | 0.009 ± 0.001 |
Sillago ingenuua | 1.33 ± 0.12 | 0.147 ± 0.006 b | 0.019 ± 0.004 | 0.021 ± 0.007 |
Stolephorus indicus | 1.80 ± 0.10 | 0.507 ± 0.020 b | 0.025 ± 0.002 | 0.008 ± 0.001 |
Mean for small fish | 2.18 ± 2.32 | 0.291 ± 0.275 | 0.015 ± 0.011 | 0.019 ± 0.021 |
Large fish | ||||
Carangoides fulvoguttatus | 1.50 ± 0.30 | 0.002 ± 0.001 | 0.035 ± 0.004 | 0.005 ± 0.001 |
Diagramma pictum | 5.47 ± 0.06 | 0.005 ± 0.001 | 0.094 ± 0.016 | 0.005 ± 0.000 |
Lethrinus olivaceus | 1.00 ± 0.36 | 0.001 ± 0.000 | 0.180 ± 0.156 | 0.005 ± 0.000 |
Lutjanus lutjanus | 0.69 ± 0.15 | 0.019 ± 0.004 | 0.150 ± 0.026 | 0.005 ± 0.001 |
Nemipterus bipunctatus | 0.58 ± 0.09 | 0.012 ± 0.006 | 0.048 ± 0.015 | 0.005 ± 0.001 |
Selar crumenophthalmus | 0.86 ± 0.09 | 0.027 ± 0.018 | 0.061 ± 0.022 | 0.006 ± 0.000 |
Sphyraena jello | 0.64 ± 0.28 | 0.005 ± 0.002 | 0.347 ± 0.032 | 0.005 ± 0.000 |
Mean for large fish | 1.53 ± 1.69 * | 0.010 ± 0.011 *** | 0.131 ± 0.116 ** | 0.005 ± 0.001 *** |
Fish from Bangladesh | ||||
Benthosema fibulatum | 2.33 ± 0.06 | 0.183 ± 0.001 b | 0.010 ± 0.001 | 0.032 ± 0.001 |
Bregmaceros mcclellandi | 1.23 ± 0.21 | 0.033 ± 0.002 | 0.004 ± 0.000 | 0.025 ± 0.015 |
Dussumieria elopsoides1 | 1.77 ± 0.15 | 0.133 ± 0.032 b | 0.017 ± 0.003 | 0.007 ± 0.002 |
Dussumieria elopsoides2 | 1.04 ± 0.14 | 0.193 ± 0.021 b | 0.020 ± 0.000 | 0.006 ± 0.001 |
Dussumieria elopsoides3 | 1.37 ± 0.06 | 0.163 ± 0.006 b | 0.017 ± 0.001 | 0.006 ± 0.000 |
Harpadon nehereus1 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.007 ± 0.000 | 0.005 ± 0.000 | 0.020 ± 0.000 |
Harpadon nehereus2 | 0.18 ± 0.04 | 0.013 ± 0.013 | 0.005 ± 0.001 | 0.020 ± 0.000 |
Megalaspis cordyla | 2.23 ± 0.23 | 0.025 ± 0.002 | 0.058 ± 0.009 | 0.008 ± 0.004 |
Pentaprion longimanus | 3.13 ± 0.35 | 0.005 ± 0.002 | 0.016 ± 0.001 | 0.012 ± 0.003 |
Sardinella fimbriata1 | 3.07 ± 0.06 | 0.067 ± 0.008 b | 0.017 ± 0.001 | 0.048 ± 0.003 |
Sardinella fimbriata2 | 2.87 ± 0.06 | 0.069 ± 0.005 b | 0.017 ± 0.000 | 0.035 ± 0.005 |
Sardinella fimbriata3 | 2.23 ± 0.06 | 0.091 ± 0.006 b | 0.015 ± 0.002 | 0.062 ± 0.008 |
Mean for all fish | 1.80 ± 1.01 | 0.082 ± 0.069 *** | 0.017 ± 0.014 *** | 0.023 ± 0.018 *** |
Metal | Mean Metal Content (mg/kg w.w.) | THQ | HI | TR | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fish from Sri Lanka | |||||||
Small Fish | Adults | Children | Adults | Children | Adults | Children | |
As | 2.18 | 0.5208 | 0.6997 | 0.5984 | 0.8040 | 2.3 × 10−3 | 3.1 × 10−3 |
Cd | 0.291 | 0.0695 | 0.0934 | 7.9 × 10−5 | 1.1 × 10−4 | ||
Hg | 0.015 | 0.0036 | 0.0048 | NA a | NA a | ||
Pb | 0.019 | 0.0045 | 0.0060 | 1.2 × 10−7 | 1.6 × 10−7 | ||
Large fish | |||||||
As | 1.530 | 0.3655 | 0.4911 | 0.4004 | 0.5379 | 1.6 × 10−3 | 3.1 × 10−3 |
Cd | 0.010 | 0.0024 | 0.0032 | 2.7 × 10−6 | 3.7 × 10−6 | ||
Hg | 0.131 | 0.0313 | 0.0420 | NA a | NA a | ||
Pb | 0.005 | 0.0012 | 0.0016 | 3.0 × 10−8 | 4.1 × 10−8 | ||
Fish from Bangladesh | |||||||
As | 1.800 | 0.5400 | 0.7333 | 0.5766 | 0.7830 | 2.4 × 10−3 | 3.3 × 10−3 |
Cd | 0.082 | 0.0246 | 0.0334 | 2.8 × 10−5 | 2.8 × 10−5 | ||
Hg | 0.017 | 0.0051 | 0.0069 | NA a | NA a | ||
Pb | 0.023 | 0.0069 | 0.0093 | 1.8 × 10−7 | 2.3 × 10−7 |
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Moxness Reksten, A.; Rahman, Z.; Kjellevold, M.; Garrido Gamarro, E.; Thilsted, S.H.; Pincus, L.M.; Aakre, I.; Ryder, J.; Ariyawansa, S.; Nordhagen, A.; et al. Metal Contents in Fish from the Bay of Bengal and Potential Consumer Exposure—The EAF-Nansen Programme. Foods 2021, 10, 1147. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10051147
Moxness Reksten A, Rahman Z, Kjellevold M, Garrido Gamarro E, Thilsted SH, Pincus LM, Aakre I, Ryder J, Ariyawansa S, Nordhagen A, et al. Metal Contents in Fish from the Bay of Bengal and Potential Consumer Exposure—The EAF-Nansen Programme. Foods. 2021; 10(5):1147. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10051147
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoxness Reksten, Amalie, Zillur Rahman, Marian Kjellevold, Esther Garrido Gamarro, Shakuntala H. Thilsted, Lauren M. Pincus, Inger Aakre, John Ryder, Sujeewa Ariyawansa, Anna Nordhagen, and et al. 2021. "Metal Contents in Fish from the Bay of Bengal and Potential Consumer Exposure—The EAF-Nansen Programme" Foods 10, no. 5: 1147. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10051147
APA StyleMoxness Reksten, A., Rahman, Z., Kjellevold, M., Garrido Gamarro, E., Thilsted, S. H., Pincus, L. M., Aakre, I., Ryder, J., Ariyawansa, S., Nordhagen, A., & Lundebye, A. -K. (2021). Metal Contents in Fish from the Bay of Bengal and Potential Consumer Exposure—The EAF-Nansen Programme. Foods, 10(5), 1147. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10051147