Impact of the Tobacco Heating System and Cigarette Smoking on the Oral Cavity: A Pilot Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Participants and Selection Criteria
2.2. Questionnaire and Clinical Examination
2.3. Salivary Flow Rate
2.4. Halitosis
2.5. Cultivation and Identification of Candida spp.
2.6. Statistical Analysis
2.7. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
3.1. Participants and Demographic Data
3.2. Self-Reported Oral Lesions and Symptoms
3.3. Halitosis, Oral Lesions, SFR and Oral Candidiasis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sociodemographic Characteristics | N-S a | THS | CC-S | b (p) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | ||||
Median | 29.5 | 27 | 29 | |
Minimum | 20 | 21 | 22 | |
Maximum | 55 | 56 | 56 | 0.632 |
Gender | 1.00 | |||
Male/n (%) | 3 (15%) | 3 (15%) | 3 (15%) | |
Female/n (%) | 17 (85%) | 17 (85%) | 17 (85%) | |
Education | ||||
Magister degree | 11 (55%) | 8 (40%) | 4 (20%) | |
Bachelor’s degree | 1 (5%) | 4 (20%) | 1 (5%) | |
High school | 8 (40%) | 8 (40%) | 15 (75%) | 0.055 |
Brinkman index | ||||
Mean (Minimum–Maximum) | 0 | 100 (25–225) | 125 (50–400) | |
Number of cigarettes/per day | 0 | 10 (5–20) | 15 (5–20) | |
Duration of smoking/years | 0 | 10 (5–15) | 10 (5–20) |
c | N-S a | THS | CC-S | b (p) | Effect b | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subjective concern | 0 | 17 a | 10 ab | 9 b | 8.139 | 0.363 |
1 | 3 a | 10 ab | 11 b | (0.021) | ||
Intraoral finding | 0 | 20 a | 9 b | 11 b | 18.257 | 0.507 |
1 | 0 a | 11 b | 9 b | (<0.001) | ||
Bad breath | 0 | 20 | 15 | 16 | 6.115 | |
1 | 0 | 5 | 4 | (0.062) | ||
Halitosis | 0 | 20 a | 10 b | 10 b | ||
1 | 0 a | 8 b | 3 ab | 20.987 | ||
2 | 0 a | 2 a | 5 a | (<0.001) | 0.624 | |
3 | 0 a | 0 a | 2 a | |||
Dry mouth | 0 | 19 a | 16 ab | 12 b | 7.075 | 0.348 |
1 | 1 a | 4 ab | 8 b | (0.030) | ||
Hyposalivation | 0 | 20 | 18 | 14 | 4.745 | |
1 | 0 | 2 | 4 | (0.069) |
c | N-S a | THS | CC-S | b (p) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Atrophy | 0 | 20 | 18 | 19 | 1.921 |
1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | (0.766) | |
Inflammation | 0 | 20 | 20 | 18 | 2.765 |
1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | (0.322) | |
Erosion/ulceration | 0 | 20 | 17 | 19 | 3.111 |
1 | 0 | 3 | 1 | (0.310) | |
Morsication | 0 | 20 | 17 | 17 | 3.550 |
1 | 0 | 3 | 3 | (0.228) | |
Coated tongue | 0 | 20 | 15 | 18 | 5.728 |
1 | 0 | 5 | 2 | (0.058) |
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Sever, E.; Božac, E.; Saltović, E.; Simonić-Kocijan, S.; Brumini, M.; Glažar, I. Impact of the Tobacco Heating System and Cigarette Smoking on the Oral Cavity: A Pilot Study. Dent. J. 2023, 11, 251. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj11110251
Sever E, Božac E, Saltović E, Simonić-Kocijan S, Brumini M, Glažar I. Impact of the Tobacco Heating System and Cigarette Smoking on the Oral Cavity: A Pilot Study. Dentistry Journal. 2023; 11(11):251. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj11110251
Chicago/Turabian StyleSever, Ella, Elvis Božac, Ema Saltović, Sunčana Simonić-Kocijan, Martina Brumini, and Irena Glažar. 2023. "Impact of the Tobacco Heating System and Cigarette Smoking on the Oral Cavity: A Pilot Study" Dentistry Journal 11, no. 11: 251. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj11110251
APA StyleSever, E., Božac, E., Saltović, E., Simonić-Kocijan, S., Brumini, M., & Glažar, I. (2023). Impact of the Tobacco Heating System and Cigarette Smoking on the Oral Cavity: A Pilot Study. Dentistry Journal, 11(11), 251. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj11110251