Effects of Fermented Lingonberry Juice Mouthwash on Salivary Parameters—A One-Year Prospective Human Intervention Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
- Resting saliva flow rate increased from low to normal levels during the FLJ period and remained at this level during the washout period (Figure 2A);
- Resting saliva pH increased progressively during the trial (Figure 2B);
- Stimulated saliva flow rate increased during the FLJ period and continued to increase during the washout period (Figure 2C);
- Buffering capacity increased from near-low values to normal values during the FLJ period and stayed at normal level during the washout period (Figure 2D);
- In the beginning of the study, there was a small correlation between patient’s subjective dry mouth symptoms and resting and stimulated salivary flow, resting saliva pH, and buffering capacity (r = −0.432, p = 0.05; r = −0.482, p = 0.027; r = −0.357, p = 0.123; and r = −0.287, p = 0.207; respectively). The results from the questionnaire showed that subjective dry mouth symptoms decreased during the FLJ mouthwash period, kept to lower levels during the washout period compared to the beginning of the study, and had a negative correlation with resting and stimulated saliva flow rates and resting saliva pH. In other words, the increase in these parameters decreased the sensation of mouth dryness;
- Frequencies (N) of participants in each classification of variables during the study are shown in Table 3.
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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1. Does your mouth feel dry after eating? 2. Do you have difficulties in swallowing? 3. Are you able to eat dry bread or biscuit without drinking? 4. Do you feel your saliva secretion is low? 5. How often do you wake up at night because of dry mouth sensations? |
Age (mean ± standard deviation) Gender (female/male,%) Smoking (yes%) Diseases (mean, range) Medications (mean, range) Medications inducing xerostomia (mean, range) | 65.29 ± 16.23 years 61.9/38.1% 19.0% 1.76, 0–4 2.95, 0–9 1.33, 0–4 |
Saliva sampling (months) | 0 | 6 | 12 |
Resting saliva flow (N) | |||
Extremely low (<0.1 ml/min) | 4 | 2 | 3 |
Low (0.1–0.7ml/min) | 13 | 15 | 14 |
Normal (>0.3 ml/min) | 8 | 8 | 8 |
Stimulated saliva (N) | |||
Extremely low (<0.7 ml/min) | 2 | 1 | 2 |
Low (0.7–1 ml/min) | 10 | 8 | 6 |
Normal (>1 ml/min) | 13 | 16 | 17 |
Resting saliva pH (N) | |||
Highly acidic (5–5,8) | 2 | 0 | 0 |
Moderately acidic (6–6.6) | 20 | 24 | 20 |
Healthy (6.8–7.8) | 2 | 0 | 4 |
Buffering capacity (N) | |||
Very low (0–5) | 2 | 0 | 1 |
Low (6–9) | 7 | 8 | 5 |
Normal/high (10–12) | 16 | 17 | 19 |
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Pärnänen, P.; Lomu, S.; Räisänen, I.T.; Tervahartiala, T.; Sorsa, T. Effects of Fermented Lingonberry Juice Mouthwash on Salivary Parameters—A One-Year Prospective Human Intervention Study. Dent. J. 2022, 10, 69. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj10040069
Pärnänen P, Lomu S, Räisänen IT, Tervahartiala T, Sorsa T. Effects of Fermented Lingonberry Juice Mouthwash on Salivary Parameters—A One-Year Prospective Human Intervention Study. Dentistry Journal. 2022; 10(4):69. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj10040069
Chicago/Turabian StylePärnänen, Pirjo, Sari Lomu, Ismo T. Räisänen, Taina Tervahartiala, and Timo Sorsa. 2022. "Effects of Fermented Lingonberry Juice Mouthwash on Salivary Parameters—A One-Year Prospective Human Intervention Study" Dentistry Journal 10, no. 4: 69. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj10040069