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Article

Mono- and Hexanuclear Zinc Halide Complexes with Soft Thiopyridazine Based Scorpionate Ligands

by
Michael Tüchler
1,
Melanie Ramböck
1,
Simon Glanzer
2,
Klaus Zangger
2,
Ferdinand Belaj
1 and
Nadia C. Mösch-Zanetti
1,*
1
Institute of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Schubertstrasse 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
2
Institute of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Inorganics 2019, 7(2), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics7020024
Submission received: 20 December 2018 / Revised: 4 February 2019 / Accepted: 5 February 2019 / Published: 19 February 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Complexes Containing Boron Based Ligands)
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Abstract

:
Scorpionate ligands with three soft sulfur donor sites have become very important in coordination chemistry. Despite its ability to form highly electrophilic species, electron-deficient thiopyridazines have rarely been used, whereas the chemistry of electron-rich thioheterocycles has been explored rather intensively. Here, the unusual chemical behavior of a thiopyridazine (6-tert-butylpyridazine-3-thione, HtBuPn) based scorpionate ligand towards zinc is reported. Thus, the reaction of zinc halides with tris(6-tert-butyl-3-thiopyridazinyl)borate Na[TntBu] leads to the formation of discrete torus-shaped hexameric zinc complexes [TntBuZnX]6 (X = Br, I) with uncommonly long zinc halide bonds. In contrast, reaction of the sterically more demanding ligand K[TnMe,tBu] leads to decomposition, forming Zn(HPnMe,tBu)2X2 (X = Br, I). The latter can be prepared independently by reaction of the respective zinc halides and two equiv of HPnMe,tBu. The bromide compound was used as precursor which further reacts with K[TnMe,tBu] forming the mononuclear complex [TnMe,tBu]ZnBr(HPnMe,tBu). The molecular structures of all compounds were elucidated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Characterization in solution was performed by means of 1H, 13C and DOSY NMR spectroscopy which revealed the hexameric constitution of [TntBuZnBr]6 to be predominant. In contrast, [TnMe,tBu]ZnBr(HPnMe,tBu) was found to be dynamic in solution.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

The use of borate-based ligands in coordination chemistry has gained significant attention over the last 50 years, when Trofimenko introduced the ligand class of scorpionates [1,2,3]. In particular, substituted polypyrazolyl borates have been widely used for the biomimetic modelling of nitrogen-rich active sites, as they enforce a facial coordination and thus allow mimicking of a tetrahedral geometry [1,4,5]. In addition, sulfur donating scorpionates, in which the pyrazolyl moiety is replaced by a thioheterocycle such as methimidazole [6], thiopyridine [7] or thiopyridazine [8], were developed. Such ligands, first introduced by Reglinski and coworkers [9], exhibit soft coordination properties, thereby significantly enlarging the scope of this chemistry.
Recently, we introduced a new electron-deficient thiopyridazine based soft scorpionate ligand and investigated its coordination behavior towards cobalt, nickel [8] and copper [10,11]. We found that the electron deficiency of this ligand class leads to new reactivity compared to more electron-rich analogues. This is demonstrated by the high tendency to form boratrane compounds with a direct metal boron interaction [8,10,11]. Furthermore, the pyridazine based scorpionate ligands exhibit photochemical reactivity, as observed with potassium hydrotris(6-tert-butyl-3-thiopyridazinyl)borate K[TntBu] which is, upon exposure to light, transformed into 2 equiv of 6-tert-butylpyridazine-3-thione and 1 equiv of 4,5-dihydro-6-tert-butylpyridazine-3-thione [12]. The parent 6-tert-butylpyridazine-3-thione is redox-active in presence of iron(II) under formation of di-organotrisulfide based iron complexes and concomitant C–N-coupled, desulfurized pyridazinyl-thiopyridazines [13]. The iron compounds exhibit unusually high redox potentials due to the electron-deficiency of the pyridazine heterocycle.
Inspired by the tris-histidine site of the active site of Carbonic Anhydrase, much effort has been placed into the synthesis and structural characterization of zinc complexes that contain trispyrazolyl borate ligands [4,14,15,16,17]. Since in several other zinc enzymes, the metal is—beside histidine—coordinated by cysteine, a number of sulfur-based scorpionate zinc complexes have also been reported [9,18,19,20]. The electron-deficient pyridazine heterocycle is expected to enhance the Lewis acidity of the zinc center promoting interesting reactivity which prompted us to investigate the coordination chemistry of thiopyridazine based scorpionate ligands towards zinc. With zinc, a boratrane complex is not feasible, as boratrane complexes may be formed by reaction of a borate ligand and a metal salt under reduction of the metal which is not an option with zinc. On the other hand, tris(thiopyridazinyl) scorpionate ligands, in which the borate backbone is replaced by carbon, allow the preparation of various mononuclear zinc complexes with a direct zinc carbon bond [21,22]. Furthermore, we previously have observed that the hybrid thiopyridazine-methimazole scorpionate ligand forms a bridging, dinuclear species [23]. For these reasons, we were interested in whether the borate scorpionate ligands Na[TntBu] or Na[TnMe,tBu] can coordinate to zinc in order to form mononuclear complexes.
Here, the reactivity of electron-deficient hydrotris-(6-tert-butyl-3-thiopyridazinyl) borate (TntBu) and hydrotris-(6-tert-butyl-4-methyl-3-thiopyridazinyl) borate (TnMe,tBu) scorpionate ligands towards zinc halides is reported with the former ligand forming a novel, neutral, three-dimensional hexameric cage structure.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Complex Synthesis

Na[TntBu] was prepared according to literature procedures [12] and was subjected to a metathesis reaction with the respective zinc halides in dry dichloromethane to obtain complexes 1a and 1b as shown in Scheme 1.
Because of the light sensitivity of the ligand [12], the syntheses of the complexes were conducted under exclusion of light. An excess of zinc salt was used in order to complete conversion of the ligand as otherwise unreacted Na[TntBu] is difficult to remove. After reaction overnight and workup, the products were obtained as yellow powders in good yield (72–83%). In contrast to Na[TntBu], 1a and 1b are not photo-reactive and are found to be stable under ambient atmosphere.
Characterization of the products in solution by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy revealed three sets of resonances for thiopyridazine substituents. Thus, the 1H NMR spectrum of compound [TntBuZnBr]6 (1a) in CDCl3 shows six doublets between 8.83 and 7.03 ppm for the six aromatic thiopyridazine protons (Figure 1) and three singlets at 1.10, 1.04 and 0.91 ppm for the three tert-butyl groups. This asymmetric chemical surrounding within the scorpionate ligand is in contrast to a mononuclear [TntBuZnBr] complex with an expected C3-symmetry, like in the case of the sodium salt of TntBu, where only one set of resonance for all three thiopyridazine heterocycles is observed (Figure 1). Upon changing the halide from bromide in 1a to iodide in 1b, very similar spectra are observed with only the protons at C4 showing a slight downfield shift consistent with reduced electron density at zinc in the latter. The B–H atom is apparent at 5.88 ppm as a broad resonance for both complexes.
In addition, we consistently noticed a broad singlet integrating for two protons at 2.73 ppm for 1a and 2.65 ppm for 1b, respectively. This finding points towards the presence of one molecule of water in the products. The significant downfield shift compared to residual water in CDCl3 (1.56 ppm) [24], indicates some sort of interaction with the zinc complexes. This is further supported by the observation that extensive drying for more than two days under reduced pressure (<0.05 mbar) did not remove the water molecule (increasing the temperature to 50 °C led to decomposition of the complexes). The source of water is as yet unclear, since all reactions were performed under inert atmosphere and in dry solvents. Possibly, our commercially available zinc halide starting materials were not dry enough.
By performing the preparation of 1a and 1b in tetrahydrofuran instead of methylene chloride, similar observations were made. The 1H NMR spectra of the obtained solids revealed the same resonances, however, instead of the signal for H2O, resonances for molecules of THF between one and two equiv were observed at 3.84 ppm and 1.89 ppm for 1a and 3.96 ppm and 1.99 ppm for 1b, respectively. Also in these complexes, extensive drying did not remove the THF molecules (again heating led to decomposition). A thermogravimetric analysis of 1a showed a loss of mass of approximately 10 wt % up to 90 °C, in line with a loss of 2 equiv THF for this sample (see Supplementary Materials, Figure S16).
After dissolving these THF or water containing complexes 1a and 2a in dry chloroform, stirring for two days and subsequent solvent evaporation, powdery materials were obtained. Their characterization by 1H NMR spectroscopy in dry CDCl3 revealed again three sets of resonances for an asymmetric scorpionate ligand but any additional solvent molecules seemed to be absent. The resonances are slightly shifted to lower field compared to 1a (especially of the C4 thiopyridazine protons: 8.96, 8.71 and 8.30 ppm vs. 8.83, 8.61 and 8.32 ppm in 1a). We therefore conclude that the donor molecules H2O or THF are displaced by the excess chloroform solvent molecules, which allows their removal by evaporation. Upon re-addition of THF to a chloroform solution of 1a, 1H NMR spectra again show the presence of two coordinated THF molecules. Alternatively, pyridine—another excellent Lewis-basic donor molecule—can be added to solutions of 1a and 1b, also resulting in shifted 1H NMR peaks (vide infra).
Single crystals of 1a and 1b could be obtained via slow diffusion of pentane into saturated CHCl3 solutions. The molecular structure of 1a and 1b, as determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis (vide infra), revealed hexanuclear, cyclic arrangements (see Section 2.2), explaining the observed lack of symmetry in the recorded 1H NMR spectra. We therefore reason that the hexanuclear structure is also preserved in solution. This raises the question of whether molecules might be trapped in the cavity. Such a situation could explain the observed shifted NMR signals of the donor molecules, but an interaction with the outside of the torus is also possible.
This was further investigated by diffusion-ordered 1H NMR spectroscopy (DOSY) [25] of the crystalline compound [TntBuZnBr]6 (1a). The DOSY experiment was performed with PPh3 as internal standard, as PPh3 would have a similar hydrodynamic radius compared to the mononuclear complex [TntBuZnBr]. After determination of the diffusion coefficient, the hydrodynamic radius was calculated according to the Stokes-Einstein equation (see Supplementary Materials, Figure S12, Equation 1) and the results are displayed in Table 1.
DOSY clearly reveals only one species in solution precluding a breaking of hexanuclear 1a into lighter fragments. The smaller diffusion coefficient D found for 1a compared to PPh3 shows it to be significantly larger than a hypothetic monomer. This is supported by the calculated hydrodynamic radius for 1a which was found to be 9.8 Å and thus in good agreement to the dimensions of the hexamer observed in the solid state (vide infra).
In order to gather information on the observed interaction with donor molecules, to a solution of [TntBuZnBr]6 in CDCl3, 2 equiv of pyridine were added (Py(1a)). In this case, cyclooctene (COE) was used as internal standard, as there is a published value for the diffusion coefficient D available [26]. DOSY experiments of the mixture were performed and the diffusion coefficients were measured and referenced to COE. Furthermore, the diffusion coefficient of free pyridine was determined in an independent experiment (Figure 2).
The DOSY NMR spectra (Figure S13, Supplementary Materials) of the 1a+2pyridine mixture revealed two different diffusion coefficients D for the hexamer 1a and the pyridine molecules, with the latter being higher. This provides evidence that the pyridine is not covalently bound to 1a as it diffuses much faster. However, comparison of D of the pyridine in the mixture and of free pyridine from an independent experiment reveals a slightly lower diffusion coefficient (D = 19.1 × 10−10 m2/s of the mixture 1a+2pyridine vs. D = 24.5 × 10−10 m2/s of free Py; Table S1, Supplementary Materials). The small difference, however, hints to only a weak interaction of pyridine with 1a. Calculation of the diffusion partition coefficient (Equation 2 in Supplementary Materials) reveals that approximately 30% of the total pyridine in the mixture is on average interacting in a dynamic fashion. Nevertheless, from this data the assignment of the location (within or outside the cavity) cannot be determined.
While many coordination modes and applications for scorpionate complexes have been reported, the self-assembly of polynuclear zinc-frameworks is rare [27,28,29,30,31]. With soft scorpionates, only one tetranuclear [28] and one trinuclear complex [29] could be isolated, albeit in very low yield.
We wondered whether using a similar, but sterically more demanding, soft scorpionate ligand based on 4-methyl-6-tert-butyl-substituted thiopyridazines K[TnMe,tBu] will allow the isolation of a mononuclear zinc complex. However, application of the same reaction conditions used for the preparation of [TntBuZnX]6 leads to decomposition of K[TnMe,tBu] with the only isolable product being Zn(HPnMe,tBu)2X2 (X = Br, 2a; I, 2b; Scheme 2). For complex 2a, single crystals could be obtained, and the solid-state structure could be solved by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis (see Supplementary Materials).
For unambiguous identification, 2a and 2b were synthesized independently by addition of 2 equiv of 4-methyl-6-tert-butyl-3-thiopyridazine (HPnMe,tBu) to a stirred solution of the respective zinc halide allowing their isolation as light yellow powders in excellent yield (95–97%). The slightly reduced electrophilic nature of 2a,b compared to the respective zinc halides led us to consider them as starting materials for the preparation of TnMe,tBu complexes as decomposition of the latter might be suppressed. To prove this, the example of 2a was used in the reaction with K[TnMe,tBu] in methylene chloride under exclusion of light to yield the mononuclear compound [TnMe,tBu]Zn(HPnMe,tBu)Br (3) as shown in Scheme 3.
The molecular structure of 3, as determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis (vide infra), revealed a mononuclear compound coordinated by an intact TnMe,tBu ligand, albeit only in the κ2-S,S mode. For this reason, one molecule of HPnMe,tBu remains coordinated to Zn in order to conserve a tetrahedral geometry, while the second molecule of HPnMe,tBu of 2a is released into solution. Although single crystals could be obtained, we were unable to isolate 3 in bulk, but in fact the 1:1 mixture of 3 and HPnMe,tBu was isolated in good yield (83%). Any attempt to separate the thiopyridazine from 3 by crystallization led to impure products. Furthermore, 3 shows limited stability in solution and decomposes within 24 h, both under ambient and inert atmosphere. Nevertheless, the isolated mixture 3/HPnMe,tBu was subjected to 1H NMR spectroscopy. The spectrum in CDCl3 at room temperature revealed an unexpected, highly symmetric species in solution (Figure S10). No signals for free HPnMe/tBu were observed, indicating a fast, dynamic equilibrium between coordinated and uncoordinated HPnMe/tBu. In the aliphatic region, only three broadened resonances for the five methyl (2.47 ppm; green peak in the r.t. spectrum, Figure 3) and tBu-groups (1.22 and 0.99 ppm, blue and red peak in the r.t. spectrum, Figure 3) were observed, further pointing towards a dynamic behavior in solution. Indeed, by lowering the temperature to −50 °C, de-coalescence of all signals was observed (Figure S11). The signal at 0.99 ppm splits into three peaks of equal intensity, which is consistent with the non-symmetric solid state structure of 3. In addition, signals for one equivalent of free HPnMe,tBu (2.45 and 1.30 ppm) [11] and one coordinated HPnMe,tBu moiety also appear (Figure 3). The observed dynamic behavior of 3 in solution at room temperature might explain its limited stability in solution.
The observed different reactivity of TnMe,tBu compared to the TntBu ligand is fairly interesting. While the additional methyl group is certainly exhibiting both electronic and steric effects, we assume the former to be more pronounced. We have previously observed that the additional methyl group has little structural effect in the respective copper boratrane complexes [11]. However, the methyl substituted complexes are slightly better soluble and together with the increased donating properties, ligand substitution at the TnMe,tBu zinc complexes might be facilitated, generating more dynamic and thus more labile systems.

2.2. Molecular Structures

Single crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction analysis of the complexes were obtained by slow diffusion of pentane (1a) or hexane (1b) into a chloroform solution or by slow evaporation of a chloroform solution (3). Compounds 1a and 1b were determined to be isostructural; however, the quality of the X-ray data of 1a did not allow the discussion of structural details.
Compound 1b was found to be of hexameric nature with six zinc iodide units coordinated by six scorpionate ligands (Figure 4). The complex forms a three-dimensional, cylindrical framework, where each thiopyridazine coordinates to a different zinc atom. While two arms of the scorpionate coordinate to two different zinc atoms in the same plane, the third thiopyridazine coordinates to a zinc atom on a different level.
Each zinc center is coordinated by three sulfur donors from three different thiopyridazine ligands and by a halide atom leading to a distorted tetrahedral environment. This alternating coordination leads to the general framework displayed in Scheme 1. The dimension of the hexagon is approx. 20 Å in diameter and 12 Å in height, resulting in a volume of approximately 3800 Å3. This is consistent with the determined hydrodynamic radius of 9.6 Å found by 1H DOSY measurements.
The zinc-sulfur bond lengths (2.334–2.350 Å) are within the expected range of other sulfur coordinated zinc iodine scorpionate complexes (2.348–2.376 Å) [19,32,33,34]. In contrast, the zinc–iodine bonds (2.591–2.616 Å) are significantly longer than in other sulfur coordinated zinc iodine complexes (2.560 Å–2.580 Å) [19,32,33,34]. The only other example exhibiting similarly long Zn–I bonds represents the previously reported zinc–iodide containing tinsulfide cluster (2.605–2.611 Å) [35].
The structure also reveals a cavity which is approximately 8 Å wide and 6 Å deep and with a volume of approximately 300 Å3 shielded by the tert-butyl groups of the ligands (Figure 5). This is very similar to the dimensions of cucurbit[6]uril (CB[6]), a macrocyclic cavitand comprising of six glycoluril units forming a cavity which is 5.5 Å wide and 6 Å high [36,37]. Applications of CB[6] are manifold including catalytic processes, molecular recognition with highly selective binding interactions, waste-water remediation, or as artificial enzymes or molecular switches [38]. Thus, the observation of the donor molecule interaction properties of complex 1a, as described above, are interesting as 1a and 1b might show potential for similar applications with the right choice of guest molecules.
The solid-state structure is consistent with the asymmetric nature observed by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy supporting the stability of the hexameric structure in solution. Thus, the C3 axis running through the torus reveals three thiopyridazine rings that differ in their relative orientation: two thiopyridazine rings in the plane, that are perpendicular to each other, and one ring which is perpendicular to the plane (Figure 4). This results in three different thiopyridazines as observed by NMR spectroscopy.
Details regarding the solid-state structure and data refinement of 2a can be found in the supporting information (Figure S20, Table S4). The molecular structure of 3 is displayed in Figure 6. It reveals a mononuclear zinc complex, coordinated by the TnMe,tBu ligand in a κ2-S,S fashion, a bromine and a sulfur atom from an additional thiopyridazine molecule. Furthermore, interaction between the borohydride and the zinc center is evidenced by the relatively short Zn1–H1 distance of 2.45(5) Å, the almost linear H1–Zn1–Br1 angle (175.2(12)°) and the distortion from a tetrahedral to a distorted trigonal bipyramidal coordination at zinc (Br1–Zn1–S1 102.51(8)°, Br1–Zn1–S2 95.75(7)°, Br1–Zn1–S4 105.47(8)°). The HPnMe,tBu molecule is further stabilized by hydrogen bonding to the sulfur atom of the non-coordinating arm of the scorpionate ligand (S3–H42 2.322(10) Å).
Compared to zinc bromide complexes coordinated by various methimazolyl-based scorpionate ligands, the Zn1–Br1 bond with a length of 2.4250(13) Å is significantly elongated (2.334 Å–2.372 Å) [9,39,40]. This might be due to the additional B–H–Zn interaction, because the Zn–Br bond lengths in 2a (2.41252(18) Å and 2.38838(18) Å) as well as in the hybrid methimazolyl-thiopyridazinyl based dinuclear [(PnBm)ZnBr]2 zinc scorpionate complex (2.409 Å) are in the same range as in 3 [21].

3. Experimental Section

3.1. General Information

All reactions were carried out using standard Schlenk techniques. 6-tert-butyl-3-thiopyridazine (HPntBu), 4-methyl-6-tert-butyl-3-thiopyridazine (HPnMe,tBu), Na[TntBu] and K[TnMe,tBu] were synthesized according to literature procedures [11,12,41]. NMR spectra, except for the DOSY experiments, were measured with a Bruker Avance III 300 MHz spectrometer (Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA) at 25 °C. DOSY experiments were carried out at 300 K on a 500 MHz Bruker Avance III spectrometer, equipped with a 5 mm TXI probe with z-gradient. To measure the diffusion coefficients, bipolar pulse pair longitudinal eddy current delay sequences (BPP-LED) [42] were used together with an additional convection compensation sequence (double stimulated echo BPP-LED) [43,44]. The diffusion time Δ was 30 ms and the spoil gradient δ was 1 ms. High resolution mass spectrometry was measured at the University of Technology of Graz, using a Waters GCT Premier Micromas MS Technologies mass spectrometer (Waters, Milfird, MA, USA) with DI-EI and a TOF detector.
X-ray Structure Determinations were performed with a Bruker AXS SMART APEX 2 CCD diffractometer (Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA) equipped with an Incoatec microfocus sealed tube and a multilayer monochromator (Mo Kα, 0.71073 Å) at 100 K. The structures were solved by direct methods (SHELXS-97) [45] and refined by full-matrix least-squares techniques against F2 (SHELXL-2014/6) [45]. The non-hydrogen atoms were refined with anisotropic displacement parameters without any constraints. The H atoms bonded to the B atoms could be clearly identified in a difference Fourier map and were refined with a common isotropic displacement parameter. H atoms bonded to N atoms could be clearly identified in a difference Fourier map, the N–H distances were fixed to 0.88 Å and refined without constraints to the bond angles. The H atoms of the pyridazine rings were put at the external bisectors of the C–C–C angles at C–H distances of 0.95 Å and a common isotropic displacement parameter was refined for the H atoms of the same ring. The H atoms of the tert-butyl groups were included at calculated positions with their isotropic displacement parameter fixed to 1.1 times Ueq of the C atom they are bonded to and idealized geometries with tetrahedral angles, staggered conformations, and C–H distances of 0.98 Å.
CCDC 1510468 (1b), 1850650 (2a) and 1850650 (3) contain the supplementary crystallographic data for this paper. These data can be obtained free of charge via http://www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/conts/retrieving.html (or from the CCDC, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK; Fax: +44 1223 336033; E-mail: [email protected]).

3.2. Synthetic Procedures

[TntBuZnBr]6 (1a). Under exclusion of light, 200 mg (0.37 mmol, 1.0 equiv) of Na[TntBu] and 125 mg (0.56 mmol, 1.5 equiv) of ZnBr2 were suspended in 5 mL of methylene chloride and the beige suspension was stirred for 16 h. Thereafter, the insoluble parts were removed by filtration and the yellow solution was dried in vacuo. The crude product was washed with 2× 10 mL of pentane and dried in vacuo to obtain 210 mg (83%) of 1a·H2O as a light yellow powder. 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm): 8.83 (d, J = 9.3 Hz, 1H, ArH), 8.61 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H, ArH), 8.32 (d, J = 9.3 Hz, 1H, ArH), 7.38 (d, J = 9.3 Hz, 1H, ArH), 7.27 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H, ArH), 7.03 (d, J = 9.3 Hz, 1H, ArH), 5.88 (bs, 1H, BH), 2.73 (bs, 2H, H2O), 1.10 (s, 9H, tBu), 1.04 (s, 9H, tBu), 0.91 (s, 9H, tBu). 13C NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm): 175.71 (Ar-C), 174.76 (Ar-C), 173.48 (Ar-C), 163.31 (Ar-C), 162.80 (Ar-C), 162.53 (Ar-C), 140.58 (Ar-C), 139.83 (Ar-C), 138.31 (Ar-C), 125.11 (Ar-C), 124.38 (Ar-C), 123.94 (Ar-C), 36.69 (2× tBu-C), 36.63 (tBu-C), 29.06 (tBu-CH3), 29.03 (tBu-CH3), 28.90 (tBu-CH3). MALDI-HR-MS: [Zn2Tn2Br]+ calc: 1237.194 m/z, found: 1237.199 m/z, [Zn4Tn4I4Na]+ calc: 2658.21 m/z, found: 2657.20 m/z; no peaks for the hexanuclear molecular ion could be detected. Crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction analysis were obtained by slow diffusion of pentane into a chloroform solution.
A sample of 1a was dissolved in CDCl3 in a Young tube and stored for 2 days at room temperature. After the yellow solution has turned slightly bluish, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure, to obtain 1a without additional H2O as a slightly bluish powder. Recrystallization from CDCl3 and pentane yielded slightly blue plates. 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm): 8.96 (d, J = 9.3 Hz, 1H, ArH), 8.71 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H, ArH), 8.30 (d, J = 9.3 Hz, 1H, ArH), 7.40 (d, J = 9.3 Hz, 1H, ArH), 7.26 (d, J = 9.0Hz, 1H, ArH), 7.04 (d, J = 9.3 Hz, 1H, ArH), 5.88 (bs, 1H, BH), 1.13 (s, 9H, tBu), 1.05 (s, 9H, tBu), 0.93 (s, 9H, tBu). 13C NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm): 175.71 (Ar-C), 174.76 (Ar-C), 173.48 (Ar-C), 163.31 (Ar-C), 162.80 (Ar-C), 162.53 (Ar-C), 140.58 (Ar-C), 139.83 (Ar-C), 138.31 (Ar-C), 125.11 (Ar-C), 124.38 (Ar-C), 123.94 (Ar-C), 36.69 (tBu-C), 36.63 (tBu-C), 29.06 (tBu-CH3), 29.03 (tBu-CH3), 28.90 (tBu-CH3).
[TntBuZnI]6 (1b). Under inert atmosphere and light exclusion, 200 mg (1.0 equiv 0.37 mmol) of Na[TntBu] and 190 mg (1.5 equiv 0.56 mmol) ZnI2 were suspended in 5 mL of dry methylene chloride and the beige suspension was stirred for 16 h. Thereafter, the insoluble salts were removed by filtration and the yellow solution was dried in vacuo. The crude product was washed with 2× 10 mL of dry pentane and dried in vacuo to obtain 195 mg (72%) of 1b·H2O as a light yellow powder. 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 8.96 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 1H, ArH), 8.70 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 1H, ArH), 8.29 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H, ArH), 7.40 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H, ArH), 7.26 (bd, 1H, ArH), 7.04 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 1H, ArH), 5.88 (bs, 1H, BH), 2.65 (bs, 2H, H2O), 1.12 (s, 9H, tBu), 1.05 (s, 9H, tBu), 0.92 (s, 9H, tBu). 13C NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm): 175.73 (Ar-C), 174.82 (Ar-C), 173.23 (Ar-C), 163.26 (Ar-C), 162.99 (Ar-C), 162.59 (Ar-C), 140.92 (Ar-C), 138.89 (Ar-C), 137.53 (Ar-C), 124.98 (Ar-C), 124.18 (Ar-C), 123.98 (Ar-C), 36.85 (tBu-C), 36.67 (tBu-C), 36.64 (tBu-C), 29.16 (tBu-CH3), 29.08 (tBu-CH3), 28.94 (tBu-CH3). MALDI-HR-MS: [Zn2Tn2I]+ calc: 1285.180 m/z, found: 1285.187 m/z, no peaks for the hexanuclear molecular ion could be detected. Crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction analysis were obtained by slow diffusion of hexane into a chloroform solution.
A sample of 1b was dissolved in CDCl3 in a Young tube and stored for 2 days at room temperature. After the yellow solution has turned slightly bluish, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure, to obtain H2O free 1b as a bluish powder. 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 8.95 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 1H, ArH), 8.70 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 1H, ArH), 8.29 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H, ArH), 7.40 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H, ArH), 7.26 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H, ArH), 7.03 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 1H, ArH), 5.88 (bs, 1H, BH), 1.12 (s, 9H, tBu), 1.05 (s, 9H, tBu), 0.92 (s, 9H, tBu). 13C NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm): 175.73 (Ar-C), 174.82 (Ar-C), 173.23 (Ar-C), 163.26 (Ar-C), 162.99 (Ar-C), 162.59 (Ar-C), 140.92 (Ar-C), 138.89 (Ar-C), 137.53 (Ar-C), 124.98 (Ar-C), 124.18 (Ar-C), 123.98 (Ar-C), 36.85 (tBu-C), 36.67 (tBu-C), 36.64 (tBu-C), 29.16 (tBu-CH3), 29.08 (tBu-CH3), 28.94 (tBu-CH3).
Zn(HPnMe,tBu)2Br2 (2a). ZnBr2 (50 mg, 0.222 mmol) and HPnMe,tBu (81 mg, 0.444 mmol) were dissolved in 3 mL of dichloromethane and the resulting solution was stirred under inert conditions and exclusion of light overnight. Subsequently, all volatiles were removed in vacuo, the crude product was washed with 5 mL of pentane and dried to obtain a light yellow powder of 2a (127 mg, 97%). 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 14.28 (bs, 2H, NH), 7.46 (d, 2H, ArH), 2.47 (d, 6H, Me), 1.35 (s, 18H, tBu); 13C NMR (CDCl3) δ 172.37 (Ar-C), 164.85 (Ar-C), 148.75 (Ar-C), 127.46 (Ar-C), 36.84 (tBu-CH3), 29.20 (tBu-C), 20.69 (Me-C). Anal. calcd. for C18H28Br2N4S2Zn (589.76): C: 36.66, H: 4.79, N: 9.50, S: 10.87; found C: 36.84, H: 4.78, N: 9.24, S: 10.41. Single crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction measurement were obtained by slow evaporation of a CHCl3 solution.
Zn(HPnMe,tBu)2I2 (2b). ZnI2 (44 mg, 0.137 mmol) and 2 equiv of HPnMe,tBu (50 mg, 0.274 mmol) were dissolved in 3 mL of dichloromethane and the resulting solution was stirred under inert conditions and exclusion of light overnight. Subsequently, all volatiles were removed in vacuo, the crude product was washed with 5 mL of pentane and dried to obtain a light yellow powder of 2b (89 mg, 95%). 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 13.48 (bs, 2H, NH), 7.43 (d, 2H, ArH), 2.46 (d, 6H, Me), 1.35 (s, 18H, tBu); 13C NMR (CDCl3) δ 164.52 (Ar-C), 149.13 (Ar-C), 127.05 (Ar-C), 36.86 (tBu-CH3), 29.22 (tBu-C), 20.80 (Me-C). Anal. calcd. for C18H28I2N4S2Zn (683.76): C: 31.62, H: 4.13, N: 8.19, S: 9.38; found C: 33.52, H: 4.36, N: 8.66, S: 9.83.
[TnMe,tBu]Zn(HPnMe,tBu)Br (3). K[TnMe,tBu] (326 mg, 0.549 mmol) was dissolved under exclusion of light in 8 mL of dichloromethane. Subsequently, 2a (324 mg, 0.549 mmol) was added to the yellow solution. The reaction mixture was stirred in the dark for 5 h after which the formed precipitate was filtered off and the solvent evaporated. The crude material was washed with 5 mL of pentane and dried in vacuo to obtain 480 mg (82%) of 3·HPnMe,tBu as a light yellow solid. 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 13.09 (bs, 2H, NH of HPnMe,tBu), 7.28 (s, 3H, ArH of 3), 7.19 (s, 2H, ArH of HPnMe,tBu), 6.91 (bs, 1H, B–H of 3), 2.47 (bs, 15H, Me), 1.26 (bs) and 0.99 (bs, 45H, tBu). Due to the dynamic behavior of the complex, no 13C NMR data could be obtained. Anal. calc. of C36H54BBrN8S4Zn·C9H14N2S: calc: C: 50.73, H: 6.43, N: 13.15, S: 15.04; found C: 50.32, H: 6.28, N: 13.03, S: 14.77. Single crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction measurement were obtained by slow evaporation of a CHCl3 solution.

4. Conclusions

Herein we present the high yield synthesis of neutral, three-dimensional, hexanuclear zinc complexes that derive from hydrotris-(6-tert-butyl-3-thiopyridazinyl)borate. The complexes display the first structurally characterized zinc dependent molecular cage with a scorpionate ligand. 1H DOSY NMR measurements confirmed only one species in solution and revealed a hydrodynamic radius of 9.8 Å, which is consistent with the dimensions observed in the solid state structure as determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The molecular structure reveals a torus with an 8 Å wide and 6 Å deep cavity that is surrounded by tert-butyl groups. Residual electron density in- and outside of the hexameric structure points to large amounts of solvent molecules which could however not be further resolved (also see Supplementary Materials). These solvent molecules can be exchanged by polar molecules such as water, tetrahydrofuran or pyridine. Based on 1H DOSY experiments they are not covalently bound to the hexamer. Although only weakly bound—presumably by van-der-Waals forces—they cannot be removed from the solid material by evaporation. This is also consistent with the properties of the cucurbit[n]uril family (CB[n]) which act as host-guest materials [38]. The cavity of the best-studied congener CB[6] has very similar dimensions to those of the hexameric zinc species 1b rendering the latter a potential host material. Although likely, with the data in hand we cannot conclusively state whether the “guest” molecules are indeed inside the cavity in our hexamers.
Increased steric demand on the scorpionate ligand leads under the same reaction conditions predominantly to decomposition of the ligand under formation of Zn(HPnMe,tBu)2X2. However, using the latter (X = Br) as precursor allows for the isolation of a monomeric zinc scorpionate complex in which the zinc center is coordinated by the scorpionate ligand in the κ2-S,S mode and additionally by a protonated thiopyridazine molecule and bromine, as confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Furthermore, these data showcase a short Zn–H distance within an almost linear Zn–H–B interaction. Low temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy is consistent with the solid state structure, while at room temperature dynamic behavior was observed, possibly explaining the limited stability the methyl substituted system.
This research shows that the thiopyridazine based scorpionate ligands [TntBu] and [TnMe,tBu] can coordinate to zinc centers, albeit they do not form mononuclear species of the formula [TnR]ZnX. Although the additional methyl group in [TnMe,tBu] prevents formation of a polynuclear framework, the resulting Lewis acidity of the zinc center leads to decomposition of the ligand, forming the less acidic Zn(HPnMe,tBu)2X2. The usage of this precursor circumvents the problem of increased Lewis acidity, but the formed product cannot be properly purified and decomposes after prolonged time in solution.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6740/7/2/24/s1: NMR spectra of all compounds, Thermogravimetric analysis of 1a and crystallographic details.

Author Contributions

For research articles with several authors, a short paragraph specifying their individual contributions must be provided. Conceptualization, N.C.M.-Z.; synthetic experiments, M.T. and M.R.; DOSY experiments, S.G. and K.Z.; X-ray analysis, F.B.; writing—original draft preparation, M.T.; writing—review and editing, contributions of all authors visualization; supervision, N.C.M.-Z.

Acknowledgments

Support from NAWI Graz is gratefully acknowledged.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Inorganics 07 00024 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Reaction of Na[TntBu] with zinc halides to yield hexameric [TntBuZnX]6 complexes (X = Br 1a, I 1b).
Scheme 1. Reaction of Na[TntBu] with zinc halides to yield hexameric [TntBuZnX]6 complexes (X = Br 1a, I 1b).
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Figure 1. Aromatic region of the 1H NMR spectra of Na[TntBu] and the zinc complexes 1a and 1b in CDCl3.
Figure 1. Aromatic region of the 1H NMR spectra of Na[TntBu] and the zinc complexes 1a and 1b in CDCl3.
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Figure 2. Diffusion ordered 1H NMR spectroscopy (DOSY NMR) data of 1a, the 1a+2pyridine mixture (Py(1a), blue), free pyridine (Py, red) and cyclooctene (COE) as internal standard.
Figure 2. Diffusion ordered 1H NMR spectroscopy (DOSY NMR) data of 1a, the 1a+2pyridine mixture (Py(1a), blue), free pyridine (Py, red) and cyclooctene (COE) as internal standard.
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Scheme 2. Formation of Zn(HPnMe,tBu)2X2 (X = Br 2a, I 2b) upon reaction of K[TnMe,tBu] with zinc halides.
Scheme 2. Formation of Zn(HPnMe,tBu)2X2 (X = Br 2a, I 2b) upon reaction of K[TnMe,tBu] with zinc halides.
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Scheme 3. Reaction of Zn(HPnMe,tBu)2Br2 (2a) with K[TnMe,tBu] forming the mononuclear complex [(TnMe,tBu)Zn(HPnMe,tBu)Br] (3) and one equiv of HPnMe,tBu.
Scheme 3. Reaction of Zn(HPnMe,tBu)2Br2 (2a) with K[TnMe,tBu] forming the mononuclear complex [(TnMe,tBu)Zn(HPnMe,tBu)Br] (3) and one equiv of HPnMe,tBu.
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Figure 3. Aliphatic region of the 1H NMR spectra of complex 3 at room temperature (top) and at −50 °C (bottom).
Figure 3. Aliphatic region of the 1H NMR spectra of complex 3 at room temperature (top) and at −50 °C (bottom).
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Figure 4. Molecular structure of 1b. Left: view along the x-axis; right: view along the y-axis. Hydrogen atoms, except for those located at boron and disordered hexane solvent molecules, are omitted for clarity. Atom code: Zn gray, S yellow, B green, H black, I brown.
Figure 4. Molecular structure of 1b. Left: view along the x-axis; right: view along the y-axis. Hydrogen atoms, except for those located at boron and disordered hexane solvent molecules, are omitted for clarity. Atom code: Zn gray, S yellow, B green, H black, I brown.
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Figure 5. Space filling representation of 1b.
Figure 5. Space filling representation of 1b.
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Figure 6. Molecular structure of [TnMe,tBu]Zn(HPnMe,tBu)Br (3). Hydrogen atoms, except for those on B1 and N42, as well as solvent molecules are omitted for clarity. Hydrogen bonding is depicted in dashed lines.
Figure 6. Molecular structure of [TnMe,tBu]Zn(HPnMe,tBu)Br (3). Hydrogen atoms, except for those on B1 and N42, as well as solvent molecules are omitted for clarity. Hydrogen bonding is depicted in dashed lines.
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Table
Table 1. Diffusion coefficient D and calculated hydrodynamic radius RH of 1a and PPh3.
Table 1. Diffusion coefficient D and calculated hydrodynamic radius RH of 1a and PPh3.
CompoundD (10−10 m2/s)RH (Å)
1a4.129.8
PPh37.965.1

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Tüchler, M.; Ramböck, M.; Glanzer, S.; Zangger, K.; Belaj, F.; Mösch-Zanetti, N.C. Mono- and Hexanuclear Zinc Halide Complexes with Soft Thiopyridazine Based Scorpionate Ligands. Inorganics 2019, 7, 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics7020024

AMA Style

Tüchler M, Ramböck M, Glanzer S, Zangger K, Belaj F, Mösch-Zanetti NC. Mono- and Hexanuclear Zinc Halide Complexes with Soft Thiopyridazine Based Scorpionate Ligands. Inorganics. 2019; 7(2):24. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics7020024

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tüchler, Michael, Melanie Ramböck, Simon Glanzer, Klaus Zangger, Ferdinand Belaj, and Nadia C. Mösch-Zanetti. 2019. "Mono- and Hexanuclear Zinc Halide Complexes with Soft Thiopyridazine Based Scorpionate Ligands" Inorganics 7, no. 2: 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics7020024

APA Style

Tüchler, M., Ramböck, M., Glanzer, S., Zangger, K., Belaj, F., & Mösch-Zanetti, N. C. (2019). Mono- and Hexanuclear Zinc Halide Complexes with Soft Thiopyridazine Based Scorpionate Ligands. Inorganics, 7(2), 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics7020024

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