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Inorganics
Volume 13
Issue 9
10.3390/inorganics13090278
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Review

Lithium Niobate Crystal Preparation, Properties, and Its Application in Electro-Optical Devices

by
Yan Zhang
1,2,3,
Xuefeng Xiao
1,2,3,*,
Jiayi Chen
1,2,3,
Han Zhang
1,2,3,
Yan Huang
1,2,3,
Jiashun Si
1,2,3,
Shuaijie Liang
1,2,3,
Qingyan Xu
1,2,3,
Huan Zhang
1,2,3,
Lingling Ma
1,2,3,
Cui Yang
1,2,3 and
Xuefeng Zhang
2,4
1
College of Electric and Information Engineering, North Minzu University, Wenchang Road 204, Yinchuan 750021, China
2
Key Laboratory of Physics and Photoelectric Information Functional Materials Sciences and Technology, North Minzu University, Wenchang Road 204, Yinchuan 750021, China
3
Microelectronics and Solid-State Electronics Device Research Center, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China
4
Ningxia Ju Jing Yuan Crystal Technology Company Limited, Shizuishan 753000, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Inorganics 2025, 13(9), 278; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13090278
Submission received: 3 July 2025 / Revised: 4 August 2025 / Accepted: 6 August 2025 / Published: 22 August 2025
Versions Notes

Abstract

Lithium Niobate (LiNbO3, LN) crystals are multifunctional optical materials with excellent electro-optical, acousto-optical, and nonlinear optical properties, and their broad spectral transparency makes them widely used in electro-optical modulators, tunable filters, and beam deflectors. Near Stoichiometric Lithium Niobate (NSLN) crystals have a lithium to niobium ratio ([Li]/[Nb]) close to 1:1,demonstrate superior performance characteristics compared to composition lithium niobate (Congruent Lithium Niobate (CLN), [Li]/[Nb] = 48.5:51.5) crystals. NSLN crystals have a lower coercive field (~4 kV/mm), higher electro-optic coefficient ( 𝛾33= 38.3 pm/V), and better nonlinear optical properties. This paper systematically reviews the research progress on preparation methods, the physical properties of LN and NSLN crystals, and their applications in devices such as electro-optical modulators, optical micro-ring resonators, and holographic storage. Finally, the future development direction of NSLN crystals in the preparation process (large-size single-crystal growth and defect control) and new electro-optical devices (low voltage deflectors based on domain engineering) is envisioned.
Keywords: lithium niobate crystals; near stoichiometric lithium niobate crystals; crystal growth; domain inversion; novel electro-optical devices lithium niobate crystals; near stoichiometric lithium niobate crystals; crystal growth; domain inversion; novel electro-optical devices

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Zhang, Y.; Xiao, X.; Chen, J.; Zhang, H.; Huang, Y.; Si, J.; Liang, S.; Xu, Q.; Zhang, H.; Ma, L.; et al. Lithium Niobate Crystal Preparation, Properties, and Its Application in Electro-Optical Devices. Inorganics 2025, 13, 278. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13090278

AMA Style

Zhang Y, Xiao X, Chen J, Zhang H, Huang Y, Si J, Liang S, Xu Q, Zhang H, Ma L, et al. Lithium Niobate Crystal Preparation, Properties, and Its Application in Electro-Optical Devices. Inorganics. 2025; 13(9):278. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13090278

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhang, Yan, Xuefeng Xiao, Jiayi Chen, Han Zhang, Yan Huang, Jiashun Si, Shuaijie Liang, Qingyan Xu, Huan Zhang, Lingling Ma, and et al. 2025. "Lithium Niobate Crystal Preparation, Properties, and Its Application in Electro-Optical Devices" Inorganics 13, no. 9: 278. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13090278

APA Style

Zhang, Y., Xiao, X., Chen, J., Zhang, H., Huang, Y., Si, J., Liang, S., Xu, Q., Zhang, H., Ma, L., Yang, C., & Zhang, X. (2025). Lithium Niobate Crystal Preparation, Properties, and Its Application in Electro-Optical Devices. Inorganics, 13(9), 278. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13090278

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