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Article

Synthesis, Characterization, DNA Binding and Cytotoxicity of Copper(II) Phenylcarboxylate Complexes

by
Carlos Y. Fernández
1,2,
Analu Rocha
3,
Mohammad Azam
4,
Natalia Alvarez
1,
Kim Min
5,
Alzir A. Batista
3,
Antonio J. Costa-Filho
6,
Javier Ellena
7 and
Gianella Facchin
1,*
1
Química Inorgánica, Departamento Estrella Campos, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
2
Programa de Posgrados de la Facultad de Química, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2124, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
3
Departamento de Química, Federal University of São Carlos, CP 676, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
4
Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
5
Department of Safety Engineering, Dongguk University, 123 Dongdae-ro, Gyeongju 780714, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
6
Physics Department, Ribeirão Preto School of Philosophy, Science and Literature, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, SP, Brazil
7
São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Av. do Trabalhador São-Carlense 400, São Carlos 13566-590, SP, Brazil
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Inorganics 2023, 11(10), 398; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics11100398
Submission received: 4 September 2023 / Revised: 5 October 2023 / Accepted: 8 October 2023 / Published: 11 October 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series in “Bioinorganic Chemistry of Copper”)
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Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Coordination compounds of copper exhibit cytotoxic activity and are suitable for the search for novel drug candidates for cancer treatment. In this work, we synthesized three copper(II) carboxylate complexes, [Cu2(3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate)4(H2O)2]·2H2O (C1), [Cu2(phenylpropanoate)4(H2O)2] (C2) and [Cu2(phenylacetate)4] (C3), and characterized them by elemental analysis and spectroscopic methods. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction of C1 showed the dinuclear paddle-wheel arrangement typical of Cu–carboxylate complexes in the crystal structure. In an aqueous solution, the complexes remain as dimeric units, as studied by UV-visible spectroscopy. The lipophilicity (partition coefficient) and the DNA binding (UV visible and viscosity) studies evidence that the complexes bind the DNA with low Kb constants. In vitro cytotoxicity studies on human cancer cell lines of metastatic breast adenocarcinoma (MDA-MB-231, MCF-7), lung epithelial carcinoma (A549) and cisplatin-resistant ovarian carcinoma (A2780cis), as well as a nontumoral lung cell line (MRC-5), indicate that the complexes are cytotoxic in cisplatin-resistant cells.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Metal-based drugs play an important role in cancer treatment. Cisplatin and its congeners (carboplatin, oxalylplatin, heptaplatin and picoplatin) are successfully used against various cancer types, being curative in several cases [1]. Despite this, there is still a lack of effective treatment for all types of cancer. Furthermore, despite offering a variety of compounds and mechanisms of action, the development of new potential anticancer metallopharmaceuticals remains mainly academic, possibly due to the complexity of metal-coordination compounds’ reactivity [2].
Copper-coordination compounds are an attractive class of compounds for the development of novel cancer treatments [2,3,4,5]. Different copper complexes with antitumor activity have been synthesized and characterized, with promising results, even presenting antimetastatic and antiangiogenic activities (in vitro assays) or being cytotoxic to cancer stem cells [3,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13]. Cu(II) complexes of ligands with no appreciable cytotoxic activity are active, indicating that the metal itself plays a role in antitumor activity.
The mechanism of action of copper compounds may include various molecular processes, which have not been thoroughly characterized [3,4,13]. The lack of specificity against a single molecular target strengthens copper complexes’ ability to fight a diverse cell population, such as those found in a tumor. DNA binding and producing reactive oxygen species (ROS), inducing redox stress, are commonly proposed as molecular events for most anticancer copper compounds [2,4,14,15,16].
As a part of our research of copper complexes with cytotoxic activity [17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25], we search for simple molecules, especially those already tested for their biological use, that can act as anion ligands. Phenylacetic acid is a compound used to treat high nitrogen levels in hepatic patients and, therefore, meets the safety regulations to be used as a drug [26]. In this work, we explored the chemical properties and cytotoxicity of copper complexes with phenylacetic acid, as well as two related compounds, phenylpropanoate and 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate, in order to prepare complexes with varying lipophilicity and possibly other differences in chemical behavior.
The complexes were studied both in the solid state and aqueous solution, including a new crystal structure. The binding of the complexes to the DNA molecule was investigated. The cytotoxicity of the complexes was evaluated against MDA-MB-231, MCF-7 (human metastatic breast adenocarcinomas, the first triple negative), A549 (human lung epithelial carcinoma), A2780cis (cisplatin-resistant human ovarian carcinoma, SIGMA) and MRC-5 (human nontumoral lung epithelial cells), finding an interesting activity on cisplatin-resistant A2780cis cells.

2. Results

As described in the experimental section, three complexes were synthesized: [Cu2(3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate)4(H2O)2]·2H2O (C1); [Cu2(phenylpropanoate)4(H2O)2] (C2); and [Cu2(phenylacetate)4] (C3).

2.1. Crystal Structures

The obtained complexes were recrystallized from water by slow evaporation at room temperature. Single crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction analysis were obtained only for C1, a new compound, and C3, which had two previously reported [27,28]. The most relevant structural features are described in this section. Table 1 summarizes crystallographic data and refinement details. A scheme of the complexes and the ligands is included in the supplementary material (Figure S1).

2.1.1. [Cu2(3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)propanoate)4(H2O)2]·2H2O

[Cu2(3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate)4(H2O)2]·2H2O, C1, crystallizes in the triclinic space group P 1 ¯ with one molecular formula per unit cell. Figure 1 presents both the asymmetric and cell unit of the structure, whereas Table 2 indicates bond lengths (Å) and angles (°) surrounding the coordination center. The copper ion presents a pentacoordinated environment where the equatorial donors are four carboxylate O atoms from four different ligands, and the apical position is occupied by an O atom from a water molecule. The carboxylate group acts as a bridging bidentate ligand, connecting the two copper(II) centers in the dimeric molecule. Figure 1b presents the molecular moiety where the dimeric paddle-well arrangement typical of dimeric Cu–carboxylate complexes can be observed. This motif is observed on several Cu(II) compounds with ligands containing carboxylate groups, such as acetate [29,30], propionate [31], dinitrobenzoates [32] and N-acetylglycinato [33], among others.
A crystallographic database search in the CSD [34] v2022.3.0, conducted using Conquest [35], found 786 related structures, which were analyzed in Mercury [36]. The bridging bidentate mode of coordination of the carboxylate group determines Cu···Cu distances in this dinuclear paddle-wheel type complexes. The distances in the analyzed structures range from 2.58 to 2.68 Å, including the 2.608 Å distance observed in C1. Other structures containing a 2.608 Å Cu···Cu distance include structures with acetate [37], propionate [31,38], benzoate [39,40] and paranitrobenzoate [41] as ligands.
The crystal packing is sustained primarily by strong classical H-bond interactions [42] involving the hydroxyl and carboxylate groups in the ligand and the coordinated and lattice water molecules. Each hydroxyl group acts as an H-bond acceptor with a coordinated water molecule in a contiguous complex molecule (H···O distance of 1.898 Å, O-H-O angle 172.4°) and donor with a lattice water molecule (H···O distance of 1.903 Å, O-H-O angle 172.5°). The lattice water molecule also acts as an H-bond donor to a carboxylate O atom with an H···O distance of 2.028 Å and an O-H-O angle of 153.0°. Nonclassical H-bonds are also observed in the C-H···π interactions between phenyl rings of ligands in contiguous molecules with a centroid to H distance of 2.658 Å and the angle between the phenyl rings of 47.45°.

2.1.2. [Cu2(Phenylacetate)4]·2H2O and [Cu2(Phenylpropanoate)4(H2O)2]

The crystal structure of Cu2(phenylacetate)4]·2H2O, C3, has been previously reported at 150 [27] and 298 [28] K. There are only slight differences in the cells’ axis lengths and angles for these structures. We run the structure comparison tool available at the Bilbao Crystallographic Server [43] to compare the structure at 100 K reported in this article with the one obtained at room temperature, which presented the higher differences, finding a degree of lattice distortion of 0.0055 with a maximum difference of atomic positions of 0.1370 Å. C3 also exhibits a paddle-wheel coordination motif with the carboxylate group in a bis-chelate fashion. In the case of C1, each carboxylate O atom coordinates to one copper(II) center. Meanwhile, in C3, an O atom from the carboxylate group can be connected to one or two copper(II) centers. This coordination motif gives rise to the formation of a 1D chain along the a axis.
In C3, the Cu···Cu distance is 2.5787(5) Å, also contained in the expected range. The same intermetal distance was observed in the structures with hexanoate [44], benzoate [45,46] and 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine-6-carboxylate [47]. C-H···π interactions can be observed between phenyl rings of ligands within the paddle wheel on the 1D chain contiguous molecules with a centroid to H distance of 3.062 Å and an angle between the phenyl rings of 71.00°. The infinite chains are sustained with each other through dispersive interactions involving the phenyl groups. No obvious hydrogen bonds or π-stacking interactions can be observed in the structure.
The structure of [Cu2(phenylpropanoate)4(H2O)2], C2, was also previously determined, showing a coordination scheme similar to that of C3 [48]. In spite of that, according to the molecular formula found, it is possible that, in the compound prepared by us, the structure is similar to that of C1.

2.2. Infrared Spectra

The studied ternary complexes present similar infrared spectra. Table 3 presents a tentative assignment of the bands related to coordinating groups. In particular, the values of the ∆ν (calculated as ν(COO)as-ν(COO)s) for C1 = 157 cm−1, C2 = 157 cm−1 and C3 = 176 cm−1 agree with a bidentate coordination of the carboxylate [49], as observed in the crystal structures of C1 and C3. The spectra of the complexes and the ligands are included in the supplementary material (Figures S2–S7).

2.3. Solution Studies

Major Species in Solution Characterization Using UV-Visible Spectra and Lipophilicity

The visible spectra of the complexes show an absorption band at around 710 nm (DMSO solution), as presented in Table 4, which, if compared with the wavelength of the maxima calculated according to the empiric correlation of Prenesti et al. [50,51], agrees with an equatorial coordination by four carboxylate oxygen atoms (calculated λmax 708 nm), as observed in the solid state. In relation to the dimeric structure, the occurrence of a band between 350 and 400 nm has been related to this species’ existence in solution [52]. This band is present in the complexes’ UV spectra but not in the ligand spectra. According to this analysis, in a DMSO solution, the complexes remain as dimers like the solid-state form of C1. The complexes are not soluble in H2O, but, as an approach to studying their behavior in this solvent, spectra were also registered in a DMSO:water mixture (80:20), Table 4 presents the obtained results. The λmax shifts slightly, and the shape of the spectra-changed difference was accounted for by n (n = ε850/εmax × 100), which is higher in an aqueous solution, suggesting a different degree of distortion of the coordination geometry depending on the solvent [53], as previously observed with other Cu complexes.
The lipophilicity of the complexes is similar, with the hydroxyl group of C1 giving rise to a slightly more hydrophilic compound, as expected.

2.4. Complex–DNA Binding Studies

2.4.1. Kb Determination (UV-Visible Spectra)

The intrinsic binding constants of the complexes to the DNA (Kb) were determined via UV-visible titration (Figure 2 and supplementary material Figures S8 and S9). Their values are presented in Table 5. The ligands produce nonappreciable DNA binding as studied via this technique.
The observed values of Kb are relatively low if compared with other Cu-carboxylate complexes. For instance, compounds [Cu2(nitrofenilacetate)4)(H2O)2] and [Cu2(fenilbutanoate)4]n present Kb values in the 103–104 range [54,55]. In particular, the binding of C3 on salmon sperm DNA was already reported and determined by the same methodology, with Kb = 1.4 × 104 M–1 nm on the used DNA being suggestive of intercalation in addition to binding by the grooves [27].

2.4.2. Mode of Binding (Relative Viscosity)

Relative viscosity is a highly sensitive method to detect changes in the overall length of the DNA caused by the interaction of small molecules [49]. Figure 3 presents the effect of the increasing concentration of the complexes on the relative viscosity of CT-DNA. Free ligands induce no appreciable change in DNA’s relative viscosity, as detected by this technique. The complexes induce a slight relative viscosity decrease at the studied ratios. This suggests that the binding provokes bends in the DNA helix [56]. A small slope is observed, in agreement with the low Kb of the complexes, evidencing that the binding event is relatively minor compared to other Cu complexes and induces only small changes in DNA conformation.

2.5. Cytotoxicity of the Compounds

The cytotoxicity of the complexes and free ligands was evaluated on four tumor and one nontumor cell lines; Table 6 presents the results expressed by IC50. The ligands L1–L3 present no detectable cytotoxicity up to 100 µM.
The complexes induce low cytotoxicity to four of the studied lines but are cytotoxic to the A278cis cell line and resistant to cisplatin, therefore showing no cross resistance. This activity can be classified as moderate compared to other Cu complexes [3]. There seems to be a correlation between the IC50 and lipophilicity (P). Both C2 and C3 are more cytotoxic than cisplatin on A278cis cells and are less toxic than cisplatin to the nontumor cell MRC-5, making both complexes C2 and C3 interesting complexes for further study of their activities on other tumor cells, especially those resistant to cisplatin.

3. Discussion

The compounds presented in this work are dimeric complexes in the solid state, with C3 further extending into a polymeric structure. In a DMSO solution, the dimeric structure seems to be preserved. In the conditions of the biological assays, coordination may be altered, possibly including, in addition to carboxylate, other ligands such as residues from albumin. The biological activity of the compounds is different when compared with the free ligands, suggesting also that the ligands remain coordinated in the major species in these conditions.
The complexes bind the DNA with low Kb compared to other Cu complexes; therefore, this seems not to be part of the mechanism of the cytotoxicity of the complexes.
This work aimed to find new complexes with interesting cytotoxic activity, particularly with ligands that present no appreciable toxicity. The complexes were active only in one of the studied tumor cells, a cell line that is resistant to cisplatin. This opens an opportunity to further explore the activity of C2 and C3 on other tumor cell lines. To date, there are few Cu(II) complexes that have ligands with low toxicity and are cytotoxic to tumor cells.

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Synthetic Procedures

All reagents were used as commercially available: copper(II) carbonate and copper(II) chloride (Fluka, SIGMA-Aldrich, St. Louis, MI, USA), carboxylic ligands (SIGMA-Aldrich, St. Louis, MI, USA) and calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA, SIGMA-Aldrich, St. Louis, MI, USA).

[Cu2(phenylcarboxylate)4] Complexes

An ethanolic solution of phenylcarboxylate (0,23 mmol, 5 mL) was added under constant stirring at room temperature to an aqueous solution of copper(II) chloride (0,23 mmol, 5 mL). The solution turned green instantly. It was allowed to slowly evaporate giving rise to green prismatic single crystals adequate for X-ray diffraction studies. [Cu2(3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate)4(H2O)2]·2H2O (C1) Calc. for C36H44Cu2O12/Found: %C: 50.29/50.15 %H: 5.16/5.45; [Cu2(phenylpropanoate)4(H2O)2] (C2) Calc. for C36H40Cu2O10/Found: %C: 56.90/56.80 %H: 5.31/5.39; [Cu2(phenylacetate)4] (C3) Calc. for C32H28Cu2O8/Found: %C: 57.57/57.67 %H: 4.23/4.57.

4.2. Physical Methods

4.2.1. Characterization—General

Elemental analyses (C, N and H) of the samples were carried out on a Thermo Flash 2000 elemental analyzer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). Infrared spectra were measured on a Shimadzu IR Prestige 21 (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan, 4000 to 400 cm−1) as 1% KBr disks with a 4 cm−1 resolution. UV-visible spectra of 5 mM solutions in DMSO or DMSO H2O (80:20) of the complexes were recorded on a ShimadzuUV1900 spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) in 1 cm path-length quartz cells.

4.2.2. Crystal Structure Determination

Suitable single crystals of C1 and C3 were obtained from recrystallization from DMSO aqueous solution slow evaporation. Samples were mounted, and their diffraction patterns were measured on a Rigaku XtaLAB Synergy-S diffractometer (Rigaku, USA) equipped with an Oxford Cryosystems Cryostream 800 PLUS. The crystals were kept at a steady T = 100(2) K during data collection with a PhotonJet (CuKα = 1.54184 Å) X-ray Source. CrysAlisPro v 42.84a software (Rigaku) was used to evaluate the collection strategy, data reduction and scaling, as well as absorption correction. The structure was solved using direct methods with ShelXt [57] and refined using the atoms in the molecules model with ShelXL-2019/2 [58] using least squares minimization on F2. Both ShelXt and ShelXL were used within Olex2 [59]. Hydrogen atoms were geometrically positioned and refined isotopically with the riding model. Molecular graphics were prepared using Mercury [36].
The nonhydrogen atoms were refined anisotropically. Then, all hydrogen atoms were located from electron-density difference maps and were positioned geometrically and refined using the riding model [Uiso(H) = 1.2 Ueq or 1.5 Ueq]. The Olex2 was also used for analysis and visualization of the structures and for graphic material preparation. Table 1 summarizes the X-ray diffraction data and refinement parameters obtained for the elucidated crystal structures. The CIF files of complexes C1 and C3 were deposited in the Cambridge Structural Data Base under the CCDC numbers 2,288,430 and 2,288,436, respectively. Copies of the data can be obtained, free of charge, via www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk.

4.3. Lipophility Assessment

Lipophilicity was studied by determining the partition coefficient of the complexes in n-octanol/physiological solution (0.9% NaCl in water). To 1 mL of n-octanol 0.2 mM solution of the complex, 1 mL of physiological solution was added. It was shaken for 1 h. Afterward, the samples were centrifugated, and the phases separated. UV-vis spectra were used to determine the concentration of the complex in each phase. The partition coefficient, P, was calculated as C n-octanol/Cwater.

4.4. DNA Interaction

A stock solution of Calf Thymus DNA (CT-DNA, 5 mg in 5 mL H2O) was prepared by stirring overnight, stored at 4 °C and used within 3 days. Its concentration was determined spectroscopically at 260 nm ( ε 260 = 6600 M−1cm−1/base pair). The solution was free of protein, as determined by the A260/A280 ratio, which varied in the 1.8–1.9 range.

4.4.1. DNA Binding Constant: UV Absorption Titration Experiments

The DNA intrinsic binding constant (Kb) was determined by UV absorption measurements using the Benesi–Hildebrand model [60,61]. Solutions of the complexes 5 mM, in buffer Tris/HCl pH = 7.5 and 50 mM in NaCl were used, and their concentration was kept constant at 10–15 μM while adding CT-DNA to obtain concentrations in the 0–250 μM in the base pairs range. The Benesi–Hildebrand model can be described by the equation:
1/(εa − εf) = 1/(εb − εf) + 1/Kb[DNA] (εb − εf)
where [DNA] is the concentration of DNA, εa are the apparent absorption coefficients, εf and εb are the extinction coefficient for the free copper(II) complex and the extinction coefficient for the copper(II) complex in the fully bound form, respectively. In Equation (1), 1/(εa − εf) is equivalent to Aobserved/[Cu]. Therefore, according to this model, the Kb value equals the slope to the intercept ratio of the plot [complex]/Aobserved as a function of 1/[DNA].

4.4.2. DNA Binding Mode: Variation of Viscosity Experiments

Viscosity measurements were performed in an Ostwald-type viscosimeter (SIGMA-Aldrich, St. Louis, MI, USA) maintained at a temperature of 25.0 ± 0.1 °C in a thermostatic bath. Solutions of CT-DNA (150 µM base pairs) and complexes were prepared separately in Tris-HCl (5 mM, pH = 7.2, 50 mM NaCl) and thermostatized at 25 °C. Complex−DNA solutions (4 mL) were prepared just prior to running each experiment at different molar ratios ([complex]/[CT-DNA] = 0.125, 0.250, 0.375, 0.500, 0.625 and 0.750 (equivalent to [DNA]/[complex] ratio contained values of 8, 4, 2.7, 2 and 1.3). Solutions were equilibrated for 15 min at 25 °C, and, then, 5 flow times were registered. The relative viscosity of DNA in the absence (η0) and presence (η) of complexes was calculated as (η/η0) = t − t0/tDNA − t0, where t0 and tDNA are the flow times of the buffer and DNA solution, respectively, and t is the flow time of the DNA solution in the presence of copper complexes. Data are presented as a plot of (η/η0)1/3 versus the ratio of [complex]/[DNA [62].

4.5. Cytotoxicity Studies

The cytotoxicity of the complexes was evaluated on human cancer cell lines: metastatic breast adenocarcinoma MDA-MB-231 (triple negative, ATCC: HTB-26), MCF-7 (ATCC: HTB-22), cisplatin-resistant ovarian carcinoma A2780cis (SIGMA), lung epithelial carcinoma A549 (ATCC: CCL-185) and on the nontumoral lung cell line MRC-5 (ATCC: CCL-171) using the MTT colorimetric assay. Cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM) for MDA-MB-231, A549 and MRC-5, supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 Medium for MCF-7 and A278cis, supplemented with 10% FBS, containing 1% penicillin and 1% streptomycin, at 310 K in a humidified 5% CO2 atmosphere. In the assay, 1.5 × 104 cells/well were seeded in 150 μL of medium in 96-well plates and incubated at 310 K in 5% CO2 for 24 h, to allow cell adhesion. Then cells were treated with copper complexes for 48 h. Cu complexes were dissolved in DMSO, and 0.75 μL of solution were added to each well with 150 μL of medium (final concentration of 0.5% DMSO/well). Cisplatin, used as a reference drug, was solubilized in DMF. Afterward, to detect cell viability, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT, 50 μL, 1 mg mL−1 in PBS) was added to each well, and the plate was further incubated for 4 h. Living cells reduce MTT to purple formazan. The formazan crystals were solubilized with isopropanol (150 μL/well), and each well was measured with a microplate spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 540 nm. The concentration to 50% (IC50) of cell viability (Table) was obtained from the analysis of absorbance data from three independent experiments.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/inorganics11100398/s1, Figure S1: Scheme of complexes. Figures S2–S7: Infrared spectra of complexes C1–C3 and ligands L1–L3; Figures S8 and S9: UV spectra of C2 (S7) and C3 (S8) with increasing amounts of DNA. Inset: [complex]/Aobs as a function of 1/[DNA] plot with regression parameters.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, G.F.; methodology, G.F. and A.A.B.; validation, G.F.; formal analysis, N.A. and J.E.; investigation, C.Y.F. and A.R.; resources, G.F.; data curation, C.Y.F. and N.A.; writing—original draft preparation, G.F.; writing—review and editing, G.F., N.A., M.A., K.M., J.E., A.A.B. and A.J.C.-F.; visualization, N.A.; supervision, G.F.; project administration, G.F.; funding acquisition, C.Y.F., G.F.,M.A., A.J.C.-F., J.E. and A.A.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Comisión Sectorial de Investigación Científica and Comisión Sectorial de Posgrado (CSIC and CAP respectively, UdelaR, CSIC I+D Grant to G. Facchin, CAP Grant to C.Y.F.), Programa de Desarrollo de las Ciencias Básicas (PEDECIBA Química) and Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovación (ANII), Uruguay and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP, Grant no. 2015/50366-7 and 2020/15542-7) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq, Grants no 306682/2018-4 and 312505/2021-3), Brazil and Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP2023R147), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Institutional Review Board Statement

All the cell lines were obtained from Banco de Células do Rio de Janeiro, Parque Tecnológico de Xerém—Av. Nossa Sra. das Graças, 50—Vila Nossa Sra. das Gracas, Duque de Caxias—RJ, 25250-020, Brazil, which in turn were obtained from the commercial lines stated in the materials and methods section.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available in the article and Supplementary Material.

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge all the participant institutions. M.A. acknowledges the financial support through the Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP2023R147), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Inorganics 11 00398 g001
Figure 1. ORTEP representation at 50% probability of (a) the asymmetric unit and (b) molecular moiety of [Cu2(3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate)4(H2O)2]·2H2O (C1). The hydration water molecule is omitted for clarity. Atom color code: Cu (orange), C (gray), O (red) and H (white).
Figure 1. ORTEP representation at 50% probability of (a) the asymmetric unit and (b) molecular moiety of [Cu2(3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate)4(H2O)2]·2H2O (C1). The hydration water molecule is omitted for clarity. Atom color code: Cu (orange), C (gray), O (red) and H (white).
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Inorganics 11 00398 g002
Figure 2. UV spectra of C1 with increasing [DNA]/[complex] (Ri) ratio. Inset: [complex]/Aobs (i.e., the complex concentration/the measured absorbance) as a function of 1/[DNA] plot with regression parameters.
Figure 2. UV spectra of C1 with increasing [DNA]/[complex] (Ri) ratio. Inset: [complex]/Aobs (i.e., the complex concentration/the measured absorbance) as a function of 1/[DNA] plot with regression parameters.
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Inorganics 11 00398 g003
Figure 3. Effect of the increasing concentration of the complexes on the relative viscosity of CT-DNA.
Figure 3. Effect of the increasing concentration of the complexes on the relative viscosity of CT-DNA.
Inorganics 11 00398 g003
Table 1. Crystallographic data and refinement details for C1 and C3.
Table 1. Crystallographic data and refinement details for C1 and C3.
ComplexC1C3
FormulaC36H44Cu2O16C16H14CuO4
Dcalc./g cm−31.5941.618
μ/mm−12.1302.374
Formula Weight859.832333.81
ColorBlueBlue
ShapePrismPlate
Size/mm30.15 × 0.10 × 0.100.30 × 0.15 × 0.08
Crystal SystemTriclinicmonoclinic
Space GroupP 1 ¯ P21/c
a/Å8.6810(2)5.17356(6)
b/Å10.6746(3)26.2143(3)
c/Å11.3849(3)10.20173(12)
α/°66.930(3)90
β/°70.661(2)97.8378(11)
γ/°71.814(2)90
V/Å3895.43(5)1370.64(3)
Z14
Θmin/°4.3473.372
Θmax/°80.06679.397
Measured Refl.15,91213,429
Independent Refl.38752965
Reflections with I > 2σ(I)38202743
Rint0.01930.0451
Parameters251191
Restraints00
Largest Peak0.6220.476
Deepest Hole−0.737−0.597
GooF1.0401.027
wR2 (all data)0.07080.0855
wR20.07060.0835
R1 (all data)0.02780.0349
R10.02750.0325
CCDC deposition number2,288,4302,288,436
Table 2. Selected bond lengths (Å) and angles (°) for C1.
Table 2. Selected bond lengths (Å) and angles (°) for C1.
Bond Lengths (Å)Angles (°)
Cu1-Cu22.6075(4)O1-Cu1-O490.98(5)
Cu1-O41.9649(11)O5′-Cu1-O4169.16(4)
Cu1-O11.9604(10)O5′-Cu1-O188.48(4)
Cu1-O5′1.9751(10)O2′-Cu1-O491.39(5)
Cu1-O2′1.9628(11)O2′-Cu1-O1168.36(5)
O5′-Cu1-O2′87.05(5)
Table 3. Wavenumber (cm−1) of common bands in the complexes, and their tentative assignment.
Table 3. Wavenumber (cm−1) of common bands in the complexes, and their tentative assignment.
Compoundν(O-H)ν(C=O) + ν(COO)asν(COO)sν(Cu-O)
[Cu2(3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate)4(H2O)2]·2H2O3330 sh1582 s, 1516 w1425 m532 w
[Cu2(phenylpropanoate)4(H2O)2]3500–3200 sh1588 s, 1516 w1431 m480 w
[Cu2(phenylacetate)4]3500–3200 sh1594 s, 1514 s1438 m532 w
Table 4. Maximum absorption wavelength (λmax, nm), molar absorptivity (ε, M−1cm−1) and n (ε850/εmax × 100) of the spectra in DMSO and DMSO:H2O (80:20) and partition coefficients (P) between n-octanol and physiologic solution.
Table 4. Maximum absorption wavelength (λmax, nm), molar absorptivity (ε, M−1cm−1) and n (ε850/εmax × 100) of the spectra in DMSO and DMSO:H2O (80:20) and partition coefficients (P) between n-octanol and physiologic solution.
Compoundλmax/ε *n *λmax/ε **n **P
[Cu2(3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate)4(H2O)2]·2H2O710/38843726/134650.10
[Cu2(phenylpropanoate)4(H2O)2]715/31344713/288730.24
[Cu2(phenylacetate)4]711/40448736/150720.47
* DMSO, ** DMSO:H2O (80:20), ε calculated per Cu mole.
Table 5. DNA binding constants (Kb), as determined by the Benesi–Hildebrand method.
Table 5. DNA binding constants (Kb), as determined by the Benesi–Hildebrand method.
CompoundC1C2C3L1L2L3
Kb (M-1)5.2 × 1022.0 × 1028.7 × 102ND *ND *ND *
* Not Determined.
Table 6. Cytotoxic activity (expressed by IC50) of the studied complexes after 48 h of incubation, against MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 (human metastatic breast adenocarcinomas, the latter triple negative), A549 (human lung epithelial carcinoma), A278cis (human ovarian cisplatin-resistant) and MRC-5 (lung nontumoral) cell lines.
Table 6. Cytotoxic activity (expressed by IC50) of the studied complexes after 48 h of incubation, against MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 (human metastatic breast adenocarcinomas, the latter triple negative), A549 (human lung epithelial carcinoma), A278cis (human ovarian cisplatin-resistant) and MRC-5 (lung nontumoral) cell lines.
Cytotoxicity, IC50 (µM)
CompoundMCF-7MDA-MB-231A549A278cisMRC-5
C1>50>50>5026.80 ± 4.50>50
C220.20 ± 0.78>50>5013.50 ± 0.57>50
C3>50>50>507.85 ± 0.86>50
Cisplatin8.91 ± 2.6024.90 ± 3.4014.40 ± 1.4026.90 ± 0.6029.09 ± 0.78
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Fernández, C.Y.; Rocha, A.; Azam, M.; Alvarez, N.; Min, K.; Batista, A.A.; Costa-Filho, A.J.; Ellena, J.; Facchin, G. Synthesis, Characterization, DNA Binding and Cytotoxicity of Copper(II) Phenylcarboxylate Complexes. Inorganics 2023, 11, 398. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics11100398

AMA Style

Fernández CY, Rocha A, Azam M, Alvarez N, Min K, Batista AA, Costa-Filho AJ, Ellena J, Facchin G. Synthesis, Characterization, DNA Binding and Cytotoxicity of Copper(II) Phenylcarboxylate Complexes. Inorganics. 2023; 11(10):398. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics11100398

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fernández, Carlos Y., Analu Rocha, Mohammad Azam, Natalia Alvarez, Kim Min, Alzir A. Batista, Antonio J. Costa-Filho, Javier Ellena, and Gianella Facchin. 2023. "Synthesis, Characterization, DNA Binding and Cytotoxicity of Copper(II) Phenylcarboxylate Complexes" Inorganics 11, no. 10: 398. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics11100398

APA Style

Fernández, C. Y., Rocha, A., Azam, M., Alvarez, N., Min, K., Batista, A. A., Costa-Filho, A. J., Ellena, J., & Facchin, G. (2023). Synthesis, Characterization, DNA Binding and Cytotoxicity of Copper(II) Phenylcarboxylate Complexes. Inorganics, 11(10), 398. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics11100398

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