Next Article in Journal
Monochromatic Conical IR Emission from Decaying KrF Laser Filaments in Xenon as Coherent Stimulated Four-Wave Mixing Process
Next Article in Special Issue
Plasmonic Enhanced InP Nanowire Array Solar Cell through Optoelectronic Modeling
Previous Article in Journal
Performance Evaluation of Highly Nonlinear Fiber (HNLF) Based Optical Phase Conjugation (OPC) in Long Haul Transmission of 640 Gbps 16-QAM CO-OFDM
Previous Article in Special Issue
Optical Characterization of Ultra-Thin Films of Azo-Dye-Doped Polymers Using Ellipsometry and Surface Plasmon Resonance Spectroscopy
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Photonics
Volume 8
Issue 2
10.3390/photonics8020046
photonics-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Review

Applications of Shell-Isolated Nanoparticle-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

by
Grégory Barbillon
EPF-Ecole d’Ingénieurs, 92330 Sceaux, France
Photonics 2021, 8(2), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics8020046
Submission received: 1 January 2021 / Revised: 7 February 2021 / Accepted: 9 February 2021 / Published: 12 February 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Advances in Nanoplasmonics and Use of New Tools for Plasmonic Characterization)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is mainly used as an analysis or detection tool of biological and chemical molecules. Since the last decade, an alternative branch of the SERS effect has been explored, and named shell-isolated nanoparticle Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS) which was discovered in 2010. In SHINERS, plasmonic cores are used for enhancing the Raman signal of molecules, and a very thin shell of silica is generally employed for improving the thermal and chemical stability of plasmonic cores that is of great interest in the specific case of catalytic reactions under difficult conditions. Moreover, thanks to its great surface sensitivity, SHINERS can enable the investigation at liquid–solid interfaces. In last two years (2019–2020), recent insights in this alternative SERS field were reported. Thus, this mini-review is centered on the applications of shell-isolated nanoparticle Raman spectroscopy to the reactions with CO molecules, other surface catalytic reactions, and the detection of molecules and ions.

1. Introduction

Over the past ten years, the realization of plasmonic structures with a very high sensitivity of detection has significantly increased for application to surface-enhanced spectroscopies [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]. Among these enhanced spectroscopies, we find the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), which uses the plasmonic nanostructures or nanoparticles for amplifying the Raman signal of various molecules. For this amplification, a huge number of geometries has been examined as plasmonic nanodimers [11,12,13,14,15], nanorods [16,17,18,19,20], nanotriangles [21,22,23,24,25] and nanostars [26,27,28,29,30]. Furthermore, plasmonic nanopores have been explored in order to improve the SERS enhancement [31,32,33,34]. In addition, another type of SERS substrates has been investigated consisting of a metallic mirror on which plasmonic nanoparticles or nanostructures were deposited or fabricated allowing an enhancement of 1 or 2 magnitude orders due to hybridized modes or a coupling between nanoparticles or nanostructures via surface plasmon polaritons on the metallic mirror (film) [35,36,37,38,39]. Another way to improve the Raman signal was the use of hybrid nanomaterials based on zinc oxide or silicon coupled to a plasmonic layer or plasmonic nanoparticles [40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49], and also based on bimetallic nanoparticles [50,51,52,53,54,55] or other materials as metal oxides [56,57,58,59,60,61]. Another branches of the SERS field have been also explored, such as the photo-induced enhanced Raman spectroscopy [62,63,64], the SERS effect generated by high pressure [65,66], and the shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS) [67,68,69]. Concerning SHINERS, this technique has been discovered in 2010 in order to overcome the limitations of SERS regarding the accurate characterization of different surface morphologies, materials, and biological samples [67]. The base concept of SHINERS consists of plasmonic cores that are employed for enhancing the Raman signal of molecules, and a very thin shell of silica improving the thermal and chemical stability of the plasmonic cores, being of significant interest in the specific case of catalytic reactions under difficult conditions [70,71]. By using SHINERS, several groups have already studied catalytic reactions [72,73,74], applications in electrochemistry [75], and also reported the detection of different chemical molecules [76,77,78,79,80,81].
The goal of this mini-review is to present the recent advances on the most used applications of SHINERS, such as the catalytic reaction-monitoring processes and the detection of molecules, over the period 2019–2020. Firstly, we will explore the SHINERS applications to the reactions with CO molecules, which are well-known model reactions, then other surface catalytic reactions, and finally the detection of molecules and ions in order to examine the potential of this SHINERS technique. In the final section, we will discuss points to be improved and advantages of the SHINERS technique, and we will address the future directions of this latter.

2. What Is Shell-Isolated Nanoparticle-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy?

The shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy belongs to the SERS field, and is based on the enhancement of the Raman signal obtained with strong electric fields coming from plasmonic core–shell nanoparticles. In SHINERS, each core-shell nanoparticle plays the role of a metallic tip as for the tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS), and this technique allows to obtain a couple of thousand of “TERS tips” on the substrate surface to be analyzed. Thus, the enhanced Raman signal can be jointly obtained from all these plasmonic core-shell nanoparticles (“TERS tips”), allowing a gain of two to three magnitude orders compared to a single TERS tip. Furthermore, the use of the metallic nanoparticles coated with a chemically inert shell can enable the protection of the plasmonic core (SERS-active part) from the substrate surface to be analyzed and the environment. This inert shell can conform to different morphologies of substrates, and also prevent the agglomeration of these core-shell nanoparticles and the oxidation of their plasmonic core. The principal merits of such a technique are a more significant detection sensitivity and a great number of practical applications in life and materials sciences, as well as in food science and environmental pollution.

3. Applications of Shell-Isolated Nanoparticle-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

3.1. SHINERS Application to the Reactions with CO Molecules

In this section, we present a couple of investigations on the reactions with CO molecules (see Table 1) [82,83,84,85,86]. These reactions with CO molecules are well-known model reactions.
Wang et al., have reported on the CO oxidation probed SHINERS technique based on the use of Au@SiO 2 nanoparticles, on which are deposited Pt or PtFe nanocatalysts (see Figure 1a) [82]. The authors demonstrated that PtFe catalysts were more active and stable than Pt ones in the CO oxidation. In the CO oxidation, two Raman peaks have been observed at 397 and 485 cm − 1 for Pt catalysts and at 389 and 480 cm − 1 for PtFe catalysts, both corresponding to the adsorption of Pt-CO (see Figure 1b). The redshift of these two Raman peaks recorded for the case with PtFe catalysts has indicated that the CO adsorption was lower on PtFe than on Pt (see the inset of Figure 1b). Moreover, three Raman peaks of oxygen species were detected with PtFe nanocatalysts, indicating that the Pt-C binding was weakened by the presence of the ferrous center thus producing oxygen species (see Figure 1b) [82].
Su et al., have reported on the detection of OH and COOH species during the CO electrooxidation process on three Pt surfaces (Pt(100), Pt(110) and Pt(111)) with the SHINERS technique by using Au@SiO 2 nanoparticles [83]. The authors have observed that the activity of CO electrooxidation was higher for Pt(111)/Pt(100) surfaces than Pt (110) surface. This increased activity of CO electrooxidation for Pt(111)/Pt(100) surfaces was due to the presence of OH and COOH species. For Pt(110) surface, this activity was weaker due to its high adsorption and coverage of CO on this surface [83]. Furthermore, Wondergem et al. have demonstrated the CO adsorption on Pt nanoparticles which are themselves deposited on Au@SiO 2 nanoparticles (see Figure 2a,b) [84]. This investigation was realized by employing the SHINERS technique. From the SHINERS spectra, two characteristic Raman peaks of CO adsorption were recorded in the two ranges of wavenumbers: 350–600 cm − 1 and 1900–2150 cm − 1 . The first Raman peak corresponds to the CO adsorbed on Pt in a bridge configuration located at 430 and 2010 cm − 1 in these two ranges of wavenumbers (see Figure 2c,d), then the second one corresponds to the CO adsorbed on Pt in a linear configuration located at 505 and 2070 cm − 1 in these two wavenumber ranges (see Figure 2c,d) [84]. Next, the same group has studied the effect of the fabrication method of nickel (Ni) catalysts on Au@SiO 2 nanoparticles for SHINERS investigations [85]. Three methods have been tested: spark ablation (SA), colloidal deposition (Col) and precusor (Pr) method. The authors have studied the CO adsorption on these three types of Ni catalysts, and concluded that Pr and Col methods were not suitable for the SHINERS technique due to the use of a high-temperature treatment of reduction. Finally, the SA technique is the most efficient for direct deposition of the nickel catalyst on Au@SiO 2 nanoparticles [85].
Hartman et al. have investigated the support effect on the interaction of rhodium (Rh) with CO molecules probed by SHINERS technique [86]. Two types of extrudate support have been tested by introducing alternatively CO and H 2 : the first one was Rh/SiO 2 on which were deposited Au@SiO 2 nanoparticles and the second one was Rh/TiO 2 on which were also deposited Au@TiO 2 nanoparticles. Under the same conditions of CO then H 2 , the shifts of a Raman peak (named “unknown” by the authors) for the CO hydrogenation were of 70 cm − 1 and 25 cm − 1 for Rh/TiO 2 and Rh/SiO 2 extrudate supports, respectively. From these Raman shifts for the CO hydrogenation, the authors have deduced that the Rh/TiO 2 extrudate support had the strongest interaction with CO molecules during the catalytic process compared to the Rh/SiO 2 extrudate support. Thus, this powerful interaction has resulted in a catalyst with higher efficiency for the CO dissociation [86]. Zhang et al., have reported on the adsorption of CO molecules on Pt nanocatalysts, which were deposited on novel core-shell nanoparticles composed of a gold core covered by graphene layers (Au@G nanoparticles). The authors have demonstrated via SHINERS measurements that the adsorption of CO molecules on these Pt/Au@G nanoparticles has occurred in a linear configuration [87]. To finish this section, two groups have reported on the CO reduction catalysis on Cu foil by using the SHINERS technique [88,89]. The authors have employed Au@SiO 2 nanoparticles, and allowed them to deduce that the CuO x /(OH) y species were detected on the Cu foil during the CO reduction. Thus, the authors have concluded that the oxygenated species of Cu were unlikely to be the active sites easing the formation of C 2 + oxygenates during the process of CO reduction [88,89].

3.2. SHINERS Application to Other Surface Catalytic Reactions

Here, we address a couple of studies on other surface catalytic reactions (see Table 2) [90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100].
Guan et al. have demonstrated that the adsorption of propargyl alcohol (PA) on Pt( h k l ) surfaces by using the SHINERS technique [90]. The authors have employed Au@SiO 2 nanoparticles for SHINERS experiments, and they obtained adsorption of PA-privileged on Pt(100) and Pt(110) surfaces than on Pt(111) surface. The better surface reactivity for Pt(100) compared to two other Pt surfaces (Pt(100) > Pt(110) > Pt(111)) was due to the more important presence of the primary alcohol group [90]. In the next two examples, the studies of the water oxidation and the configuration of the interfacial water are addressed. Firstly, Saeed et al., have reported on the employment of the SHINERS technique to analyze in real-time the mechanisms of water oxidation with iridium oxides (IrO x ) as electrocatalyst [91]. To do that, Au@SiO 2 nanoparticles were used and deposited on IrO x surface for the Raman characterization (SHINERS). Thus, the authors demonstrated that SHINERS allowed to observe in real-time the chemical changes on the IrO x surface during the oxidation of water [91]. Secondly, Li et al., have reported on the configuration of the interfacial water at Au(111) surface, probed by the SHINERS technique using Au@SiO 2 nanoparticles for this study [92]. The authors have observed redshifts of the Raman peak corresponding to the O − H stretching mode of the interfacial water when the potential went towards more negative values, indicating a configuration variation of interfacial water. Thus, the authors have shown three configurations of the interfacial water named parallel, one-H-down and two-H-down, respectively, when the potential shifted to more negative values [92]. In addition, Guo et al., have studied the adsorption of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) on pyrite by SHINERS [93]. Au@SiO 2 nanoparticles were employed and deposited on pyrite for SHINERS experiments. From the SHINERS spectra recorded with an MBT concentration of 0.01 mM, a Raman peak at 1406 cm − 1 was observed and corresponded to NCS ring stretch mode (see Figure 3a). This Raman peak suggested that double “minerophilic” groups of MBT were bound to pyrite surfaces in the configuration displayed in Figure 3b on the left. From the SHINERS spectra recorded with an MBT concentration of 0.1 mM, two Raman peaks at 1389 and 1409 cm − 1 were observed and also corresponded to NCS ring stretch mode (see Figure 3c). The Raman peak at 1409 cm − 1 has indicated that double “minerophilic” groups of MBT were bound to pyrite surface. The Raman peak at 1389 cm − 1 (starting to appear at − 200 mV, see Figure 3c) has also indicated that the MBT molecule was bound to pyrite with the exocyclic sulfur atom without the presence of any nitrogen–metal bond in the configuration displayed in Figure 3b on the right. In summary, the authors have concluded that the configuration of MBT molecules was preferentially the one in Figure 3b on the left for weaker concentrations of MBT and negative potentials and the one in Figure 3b on the right for higher concentrations of MBT and positive potentials [93].
Bodappa et al., have investigated the electrochemical oxidation of Cu(111) and polycrystalline Cu (Cu(poly)) surfaces by using the SHINERS technique [94]. Au@SiO 2 nanoparticles were employed for studying the oxidation mechanism of Cu(111) and Cu(poly) surfaces (see Figure 4a). From the SHINERS spectra for Cu(111) oxidation, intermediate species Cu-OH, Cu-O a d , and (Cu 2 O) s u r f were observed during the oxidation process (i.e., when the potential increased, see Figure 4b). For Cu(poly) oxidation, only Cu-OH and (Cu 2 O) s u r f were spotted during the oxidation on the SHINERS spectra (see Figure 4c). Thus, the authors have remarked a difference in the presence of the intermediate species during the oxidation process [94].
The next three works have addressed the topic of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on Pt( h k l ) surfaces by employing SHINERS spectroscopy. At first, Galloway et al., have demonstrated the surface specificity of the ORR on Pt( h k l ) surfaces by SHINERS in sodium–oxygen electrochemistry [95]. The reduction of NaO 2 to Na 2 O 2 was favored on Pt(111) and Pt(110) surfaces in 0.1 M NaClO 4 dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), whereas this reduction was not detected on Pt(100) and Pt(poly) surfaces (no characteristic Raman peak of Na 2 O 2 recorded) due to the restricted interactions with adsorbed oxygens [95]. Next, the second work realized by Dong et al. dealt with the observation of intermediate species for ORR on different Pt( h k l ) surfaces examined by SHINERS. The authors have spectroscopically evidenced the fact that ORRs on Pt(111) surface was obtained by the generation of OOH species, while for Pt(110) and Pt(100) surfaces by the formation of OH species [96]. Finally, the same group has demonstrated the presence of intermediate species during ORR on high-index Pt( h k l ) surfaces by SHINERS spectroscopy [97]. Au@SiO 2 nanoparticles were used for the study of the ORR activity of these Pt surfaces (see Figure 5a). The authors have observed intermediate species for the two Pt surfaces (Pt(311) and Pt(211)) studied for ORR. From SHINERS spectra recorded for different values of potential, two characteristic Raman peaks at ∼765 and ∼1041 cm − 1 were observed and corresponded to OOH and OH species, respectively (see Figure 5b,c). Moreover, they concluded that the Pt(211) surface had a better reactivity than the Pt(311) surface due to the greater adsorption energy for OOH species with the Pt(311) surface [97].
Barlow et al. have investigated the corrosion of 304 stainless steel by using the SHINERS technique. Au@SnO 2 nanoparticles were employed for examining this possible corrosion [98]. For the 304 stainless steel, the authors have evidenced a characteristic Raman (SHINERS) peak corresponding to amorphous Fe(OH) 2 , and also another Raman peak attributed to Cr(VI)–O bindings from a blended oxide based on Cr(VI). When KCl is present in the electrolyte, a Raman peak attributed to γ -FeOOH was observed. Finally, the authors have evidenced no green rust, i.e., no intermediate species during the conversion from Fe(OH) 2 to γ -FeOOH [98]. Besides, Wang et al., have reported on the effects of the size and the nature of nanocatalysts on the hydrogenation of para-nitrothiophenol (pNTP) by employing the SHINERS spectroscopy [99]. Au@SiO 2 nanoparticles were used for SHINERS experiments on which Pt, PtCu, PtNi nanocatalysts have been assembled via electrostatic interactions. At first, the authors have studied the size effect of Pt nanocatalysts on the pNTP hydrogenation, and have reported on an optimal size of 6.8 nm for Pt nanoparticles. Then, the authors have studied the kinetics of reaction for Pt, PtCu and PtNi nanocatalysts. They observed that PtCu and PtNi nanocatalysts have shown a quicker and quasi-complete conversion of pNTP than for Pt ones [99]. To finish this section on SHINERS applications to other surface catalytic reactions, Qiu et al. have investigated the effect of the presence of g-C 3 N 4 nanodots (CNNDs) and electrochemical exfoliated graphene layers (EGLs) on the photodegradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) molecules probed by SHINERS technique [100]. For SHINERS experiments, Ag@SiO 2 nanoparticles and an illumination wavelength of 632.8 nm were employed for examining this photocatalytic process of degradation of RhB molecules (see Figure 6a). In the absence of CNNDs and EGLs on the ITO substrate, the authors have noted no significant degradation of the intensity of the Raman peaks of RhB molecules. In contrast, the authors have observed a complete degradation of the intensity of these Raman peaks for an illumination time of 20 min with the presence of CNNDs and EGLs (see Figure 6b) [100].

3.3. SHINERS Application for the Detection of Molecules and Ions

In this final section for the SHINERS applications, we report on a couple of works on the detection of molecules and ions (see Table 3) [101,102,103,104,105,106,107].
Wondergem et al. have reported the detection of Rhodamine 6G (R6G) molecules by SHINERS spectroscopy [101]. For SHINERS experiments, (Au/SiO 2 )@SiO 2 nanoparticles were used in order to avoid contact between gold nanoparticles and the liquid medium. The authors have obtained a detection limit of 10 − 12 M for R6G molecules with these (Au/SiO 2 )@SiO 2 plasmonic superstructures. Moreover, these plasmonic superstructures can enable the study of catalytic reactions in liquids by using SHINERS [101]. In addition, Zhang et al. have investigated the photoinduced behavior of dyes (N719) molecules on three rutile TiO 2 ( h k l ) surfaces [102]. Au@SiO 2 nanoparticles were employed for SHINERS experiments. The authors have remarked that the SCN group of N719 molecules was the group that primarily adsorbed on these three rutile TiO 2 ( h k l ) surfaces. The authors have evidenced a shift of the Raman peak corresponding to the SCN group after an illumination time of 36 min on TiO 2 (110) and TiO 2 (001) surfaces, whereas no shift of this Raman peak was observed for the TiO 2 (111) surface. They concluded that the N719 molecules adsorbed on TiO 2 (111) surface were very stable in the time, whereas the N719 molecules had desorbed on TiO 2 (110) and TiO 2 (001) surfaces caused by the cleavage of the S = C binding [102]. Furthermore, Sun et al., have reported a detection limit of 10 − 9 M for thiram molecules (pesticides) probed by the SHINERS spectroscopy [103]. Ag@SiO 2 nanoparticles on filter paper were employed as well as a miniaturized portable Raman analyzer based on smart-phone for SHINERS experiments. The authors have recorded SHINERS spectra for each concentration of thiram molecules (concentration range = 10 − 9 –10 − 3 M), where four characteristic Raman peaks of thiram molecules located at 440, 559, 1145 and 1379 cm − 1 are displayed (see Figure 7). By using the Raman peak at 1379 cm − 1 , the authors have deduced the detection limit (see Figure 7).
In the next two works realized by the same group [104,105], the detection of copper ions and their oxidation states by SHINERS is addressed. Firstly, Forato et al., have investigated the detection of Cu(II) ions by SHINERS spectroscopy. Ag@TiO 2 nanoparticles and three excitation wavelengths (514, 633, and 785 nm) were used for SHINERS experiments. The authors have demonstrated an optimal efficiency for the detection of the Raman peak of the Cu–N binding at an excitation wavelength of 633 nm [104]. Then, Quéffelec et al., have reported on the distinctness of Cu(I) and Cu(II) ions by SHINERS measurements [105]. The authors have used the same Ag@TiO 2 nanoparticles functionalized with 2,2 ′ -bipyridine phosphonate (bpy-PA) and an excitation wavelength of 633 nm where the efficiency was optimal [104]. From the SHINERS spectra recorded for Ag@TiO 2 @bpy-PA, Ag@TiO 2 @bpy-PA-Cu(I) and Ag@TiO 2 @bpy-PA-Cu(II), the authors have detected the characteristic Raman peaks of N–Cu(II) and N-Cu(I) vibrational modes at 230 and 290 cm − 1 , respectively (see Figure 8).
Krajczewski et al., have reported the detection of four-mercaptobenzoic acid (p-MBA) by SHINERS measurements [106]. Au@Ag concave cubic nanoparticles (noted: cc-Au@Ag NPs) were employed for the p-MBA detection probed by SHINERS measurements. The authors have demonstrated that these cc-Au@Ag NPs have improved by 35% the enhancement factor of the Raman signal of p-MBA molecules compared to the cc-Au NPs without the thin Ag shell. Moreover, the authors have added a thin layer of SiO 2 (<5 nm) on cc-Au@Ag NPs, and they recorded a reduction by 50% of the Raman signal of p-MBA molecules [106]. El-Said et al., have demonstrated the detection of neurotransmitters, such as γ -aminobutyric acid (GABA), by using the SHINERS technique [108]. Au@PPy nanobipyramids were used for this investigation, and allowed the detection of GABA with high sensitivity (detection limit of 116 nM). Moreover, these Au@PPy nanobipyramids have also enabled the detection of GABA in the presence of human serum, representing a real sample [108]. Zdaniauskienė et al., have used the SHINERS technique in order to study Metschnikowia pulcherrima yeast cells [109]. Au@SiO 2 nanoparticles were employed for this investigation, and allowed to obtain SHINERS spectra more enhanced than SERS spectra. Moreover, the Au@SiO 2 nanoparticles also allowed to suppress the appearance of supplementary bands due to potential interactions with the gold nanoparticles, and to identify the wall of yeast cells and their functional elements [109]. To conclude this section and also this review, two works related to cancer research, focusing on the identification of the atypical hyperplasia (AH) of the breast and the detection of tumor cells, are addressed. Zheng et al., have explored the identification of the breast AH by employing the SHINERS technique, which can provide a non-invasive diagnosis and study the cancer mechanisms at a molecular level [110]. The authors have remarked via changes in the Raman band intensities from SHINERS spectra that DNA strands have begun to snap in breast AH, and the presence of amino acid residues was more important than in normal breast tissues [110]. Nicinski et al., have reported on the improvement of the detection sensitivity of tumor cells such as renal cell carcinoma, and blood cells. This improvement was achieved by using Ag@SiO 2 nanoparticles via SHINERS measurements. The authors have observed variations in the intensities of Raman bands between cancer and healthy cells due to changes in the structure and quantity of molecules present during the formation of cancer cells [107].

4. Discussions and Future Directions

The shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy has been generally employed with core-shell nanoparticles composed of gold cores (or silver) and silica shells, because the gold or silver cores presented a strong SERS activity. It would be interesting to use other well-known plasmonic materials, such as aluminum, copper, palladium, and other alternative plasmonic materials (e.g., transparent conductive oxides and transition-metal nitrides) in order to study the influence of the nature of plasmonic material on the efficiency of the SHINERS technique to be analyzed different surface reactions at normal and high temperatures. Other materials for the shell fabrication, such as polymers, can be used to investigate the effect of shell material on this same efficiency cited previously. Through the three sections presented above, we have observed that the shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy was non-invasive thanks to the catalytically inactive dielectric shell, and also had other advantages, such as the study of different surface catalytic reactions or adsorption of reactants on several surfaces of different natures and morphologies, and the detection of different molecules. Both these studies [84] were realized under normal conditions of temperature (T = 20–150 ∘ C) and pressure. However, a great number of catalytic reactions are produced at high temperatures (T = 300–1000 ∘ C) typically in industry. Thus, the thermal stability of SHINERS substrates should be improved for industrial applications. Moreover, the influence of high pressures on the stability of SHINERS substrates is still a research issue to be solved. Another challenging improvement to be addressed is to reduce the shell thickness (<1 nm; without pinhole in shell) in order to achieve a better Raman enhancement. Besides, another advantage would be to use the shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy in catalysis as local nanosensors of molecules during the catalytic reactions in order to have a deep understanding of these catalytic reactions at the subnanometer scale [111]. Furthermore, the shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy can be extended to other enhanced spectroscopies as tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (named shell-isolated TERS) [112] and sum-frequency generation spectroscopy (named SHINE-SFG) [113]. The shell-isolated TERS can allow the exclusion of interferences which are due to the presence of contaminants, and also the investigation of catalytic reactions at the level of a solid–liquid interface [112]. To finish, the SHINE-SFG spectroscopy can enable a novel type of enhancement coming from the non-linear coupling of SHINE-SFG with difference frequency generation. Thus, alternative substrates based on this type of coupling can be designed in order to enhance different signals [113].

5. Conclusions

In this mini-review, we addressed the applications of the shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. We started with the SHINERS application to the reactions with CO molecules. The reactions of oxidation, hydrogenation, and adsorption of CO molecules with various catalysts have been presented. Next, we explored SHINERS studies on other surface catalytic reactions. Among these reactions, we presented a couple of works on oxygen reduction reactions realized on Pt( h k l ) surfaces. Then, oxidation reactions of water and Cu surfaces have been exposed. Hydrogenation and photodegradation reactions, molecule adsorption, and corrosion have been also addressed. Finally, we reported on the detection of molecules and ions by SHINERS spectroscopy. The SHINERS experiments have enabled to improve the detection sensitivity of pesticides (thiram), tumor cells, and to distinguish the copper oxidation states. In conclusion, the shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy can be very useful for obtaining various information on surface catalytic reactions, such as their mechanism and the intermediate species present during these reactions. Moreover, the SHINERS substrates based on core–shell nanoparticles can be employed as very sensitive nanosensors of molecules and ions.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Conflicts of Interest

The author declares no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Castro-Grijalba, A.; Montes-Garcia, V.; Cordero-Ferradas, M.J.; Coronado, E.; Perez-Juste, J.; Pastoriza-Santos, I. SERS-Based Molecularly Imprinted Plasmonic Sensor for Highly Sensitive PAH Detection. ACS Sens. 2020, 5, 693–702. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Blanco-Formoso, M.; Pazos-Perez, N.; Alvarez-Puebla, R.A. Fabrication and SERS properties of complex and organized nanoparticle plasmonic clusters stable in solution. Nanoscale 2020, 12, 14948–14956. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Lan, L.; Fan, X.; Gao, Y.; Li, G.; Hao, Q.; Qiu, T. Plasmonic metal carbide SERS chips. J. Mater. Chem. C 2020, 8, 14523–14530. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Huang, J.A.; Mousavi, M.Z.; Zhao, Y.Q.; Hubarevich, A.; Omeis, F.; Giovannini, G.; Schutte, M.; Garoli, D.; De Angelis, F. SERS discrimination of single DNA bases in single oligonucleotides by electro-plasmonic trapping. Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 5321. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  5. Yang, L.T.; Lee, J.H.; Rathnam, C.; Hou, Y.N.; Choi, J.W.; Lee, K.B. Dual-Enhanced Raman Scattering-Based Characterization of Stem Cell Differentiation Using Graphene-Plasmonic Hybrid Nanoarray. Nano Lett. 2019, 19, 8138–8148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. Zhong, J.H.; Vogelsang, J.; Yi, J.M.; Wang, D.; Wittenbecher, L.; Mikaelsson, S.; Korte, A.; Chimeh, A.; Arnold, C.L.; Schaaf, P.; et al. Nonlinear plasmon-exciton coupling enhances sum-frequency generation from a hybrid metal/semiconductor nanostructure. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 1464. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  7. Gao, M.; He, Y.H.; Chen, Y.; Shih, T.M.; Yang, W.M.; Chen, H.Y.; Yang, Z.L.; Wang, Z.H. Enhanced sum frequency generation for ultrasensitive characterization of plasmonic modes. Nanophotonics 2020, 9, 815–822. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  8. Dalstein, L.; Humbert, C.; Ben Haddada, M.; Boujday, S.; Barbillon, G.; Busson, B. The Prevailing Role of Hotspots in Plasmon-Enhanced Sum-Frequency Generation Spectroscopy. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2019, 10, 7706–7711. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  9. Barbillon, G.; Noblet, T.; Busson, B.; Tadjeddine, A.; Humbert, C. Localised detection of thiophenol with gold nanotriangles highly structured as honeycombs by nonlinear sum frequency generation spectroscopy. J. Mater. Sci. 2018, 53, 4554–4562. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Dalstein, L.; Ben Haddada, M.; Barbillon, G.; Humbert, C.; Tadjeddine, A.; Boujday, S.; Busson, B. Revealing the Interplay between Adsorbed Molecular Layers and Gold Nanoparticles by Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties. J. Phys. Chem. C 2015, 115, 17146–17155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  11. Ma, W.; Sun, M.; Xu, L.; Wang, L.; Kuang, H.; Xu, C. A SERS active gold nanostar dimer for mercury ion detection. Chem. Commun. 2013, 49, 4989–4991. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. Kessentini, S.; Barchiesi, D.; D’Andrea, C.; Toma, A.; Guillot, N.; Di Fabrizio, E.; Fazio, B.; Marago, O.M.; Gucciardi, P.G.; Lamy de la Chapelle, M. Gold Dimer Nanoantenna with Slanted Gap for Tunable LSPR and Improved SERS. J. Phys. Chem. C 2014, 118, 3209–3219. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Hakonen, A.; Svedendahl, M.; Ogier, R.; Yang, Z.-Y.; Lodewijks, K.; Verre, R.; Shegai, T.; Andersson, P.O.; Käll, M. Dimer-on-mirror SERS substrates with attogram sensitivity fabricated by colloidal lithography. Nanoscale 2015, 7, 9405–9410. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  14. Prinz, J.; Heck, C.; Ellerik, L.; Merk, V.; Bald, I. DNA origami based Au–Ag-core–shell nanoparticle dimers with single-molecule SERS sensitivity. Nanoscale 2016, 8, 5612–5620. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  15. Ghosh, P.; Paria, D.; Balasubramanian, K.; Ghosh, A.; Narayanan, R.; Raghavan, S. Directed Microwave-Assisted Self-Assembly of Au–Graphene–Au Plasmonic Dimers for SERS Applications. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 2019, 6, 1900629. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Ma, L.; Wang, J.; Ren, C.; Ju, P.; Huang, Y.; Zhang, F.; Zhao, F.; Zhang, Z.; Zhang, D. Detection of corrosion inhibitor adsorption via a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) silver nanorods tape sensor. Sens. Actuators B 2020, 321, 128617. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Kuttner, C.; Höller, R.P.M.; Quintanilla, M.; Schnepf, M.J.; Dulle, M.; Fery, A.; Liz-Marzan, L.M. SERS and plasmonic heating efficiency from anisotropic core/satellite superstructures. Nanoscale 2019, 11, 19561–19570. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  18. Reguera, J.; Langer, J.; Jimenez de Aberasturi, D.; Liz-Marzan, L.M. Anistropic metal nanoparticles for surface enhanced Raman scattering. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2017, 46, 3866–3885. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Tang, L.; Li, S.; Han, F.; Liu, L.; Xu, L.; Ma, W.; Kuang, H.; Li, A.; Wang, L.; Xu, C. SERS-active Au@Ag nanorod dimers for ultrasensitive dopamine detection. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2015, 71, 7–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Alexander, K.D.; Skinner, K.; Zhang, S.; Wei, H.; Lopez, R. Tunable SERS in Gold Nanorod Dimers through Strain Control on an Elastomeric Substrate. Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 4488–4493. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  21. Höller, R.P.M.; Kuttner, C.; Mayer, M.; Wang, R.; Dulle, M.; Contreras-Caceres, R.; Fery, A.; Liz-Marzan, L.M. Colloidal Superstructures with Triangular Cores: Size Effects on SERS Efficiency. ACS Photonics 2020, 7, 1839–1848. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Koetz, J. The Effect of Surface Modification of Gold Nanotriangles for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Performance. Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 2187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Liebig, F.; Sarhan, R.M.; Bargheer, M.; Schmitt, C.N.Z.; Poghasyan, A.H.; Shahinsyan, A.A.; Koetz, J. Spiked gold nanotriangles: Formation, characterization and applications in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and plasmon-enhanced catalysis. RSC Adv. 2020, 10, 8152–8160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Kuttner, C.; Mayer, M.; Dulle, M.; Moscoso, A.; Lopez-Romero, J.M.; Forster, S.; Fery, A.; Perez-Juste, J.; Contreras-Caceres, R. Seeded Growth Synthesis of Gold Nanotriangles: Size Control, SAXS Analysis, and SERS Performance. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2018, 10, 11152–11163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  25. Bryche, J.-F.; Tsigara, A.; Bélier, B.; Lamy de la Chapelle, M.; Canva, M.; Bartenlian, B.; Barbillon, G. Surface enhanced Raman scattering improvement of gold triangular nanoprisms by a gold reflective underlayer for chemical sensing. Sens. Actuators B 2016, 228, 31–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Su, Q.; Ma, X.; Dong, J.; Jiang, C.; Qian, W. A Reproducible SERS Substrate Based on Electrostatically Assisted APTES-Functionalized Self-Assembly of Gold Nanostars. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2011, 3, 1873–1879. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Wang, Y.; Polavarapu, L.; Liz-Marzan, L.M. Reduced Graphene Oxide-Supported Gold Nanostars for Improved SERS Sensing and Drug Delivery. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2014, 6, 21798–21805. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Indrasekara, A.S.D.S.; Meyers, S.; Shubeita, S.; Feldman, L.C.; Gustafsson, T.; Fabris, L. Gold nanostar substrates for SERS-based chemical sensing in the femtomolar regime. Nanoscale 2014, 6, 8891–8899. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Jimenez de Aberasturi, D.; Serrano-Montes, A.B.; Langer, J.; Henriksen-Lacey, M.; Parak, W.J.; Liz-Marzan, L.M. Surface enhanced Raman scattering encoded gold nanostars for multiplexed cell discrimination. Chem. Mater. 2016, 28, 6779–6790. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Serrano-Montes, A.B.; Langer, J.; Henriksen-Lacey, M.; Jimenez de Aberasturi, D.; Solis, D.M.; Taboada, J.M.; Obelleiro, F.; Sentosun, K.; Bals, S.; Bekdemir, A.; et al. Gold nanostar-coated polystyrene beads as multifunctional nanoprobes for SERS bioimaging. J. Phys. Chem. C 2016, 120, 20860–20868. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  31. Zhang, L.; Lang, X.; Hirata, A.; Chen, M. Wrinkled Nanoporous Gold Films with Ultrahigh Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Enhancement. ACS Nano 2011, 5, 4407–4413. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  32. Zhang, X.; Zheng, Y.; Liu, X.; Lu, W.; Dai, J.; Lei, D.; MacFarlane, D.R. Hierarchical Porous Plasmonic Metamaterials for Reproducible Ultrasensitive Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 1090–1096. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Hubarevich, A.; Huang, J.-A.; Giovanni, G.; Schirato, A.; Zhao, Y.; Maccaferri, N.; De Angelis, F.; Alabastri, A.; Garoli, D. λ-DNA through Porous Materials–Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering in a Single Plasmonic Nanopore. J. Phys. Chem. C 2020, 124, 22663–22670. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Cao, J.; Liu, H.-L.; Yang, J.-M.; Li, Z.-Q.; Yang, D.-R.; Ji, L.-N.; Wang, K.; Xia, X.-H. SERS Detection of Nucleobases in Single Silver Plasmonic Nanopores. ACS Sens. 2020, 5, 2198–2204. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Lum, W.; Bruzas, I.; Gorunmez, Z.; Unser, S.; Beck, T.; Sagle, L. Novel Liposome-Based Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) Substrate. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2017, 8, 2639–2646. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  36. Yue, W.; Wang, Z.; Whittaker, J.; Lopez-Royo, F.; Yang, Y.; Zayats, A.V. Amplification of surface-enhanced Raman scattering due to substrate-mediated localized surface plasmons in gold nanodimers. J. Mater. Chem. C 2017, 5, 4075–4084. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  37. Benz, F.; Chikkaraddy, R.; Salmon, A.; Ohadi, H.; de Nijs, B.; Mertens, J.; Carnegie, C.; Bowman, R.W.; Baumberg, J.J. SERS of Individual Nanoparticles on a Mirror: Size Does Matter, but so Does Shape. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2016, 7, 2264–2269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  38. Huang, Y.; Ma, L.; Hou, M.; Li, J.; Xie, Z.; Zhang, Z. Hybridized plasmon modes and near-field enhancement of metallic nanoparticle-dimer on a mirror. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 30011. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  39. Sobhani, A.; Manjavacas, A.; Cao, Y.; McClain, M.J.; Javier Garcia de Abajo, F.; Nordlander, P.; Halas, N.J. Pronounced Linewidth Narrowing of an Aluminum Nanoparticle Plasmon Resonance by Interaction with an Aluminum Metallic Film. Nano Lett. 2015, 15, 6946–6951. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  40. Convertino, A.; Mussi, V.; Maiolo, L. Disordered array of Au covered silicon nanowires for SERS biosensing combined with electrochemical detection. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 25099. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  41. Wang, H.; Jiang, X.; Lee, S.T.; He, Y. Silicon nanohybrid-based surface-enhanced Raman scattering sensors. Small 2014, 10, 4455–4468. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Akin, M.S.; Yilmaz, M.; Babur, E.; Ozdemur, B.; Erdogan, H.; Tamer, U.; Demirel, G. Large area uniform deposition of silver nanoparticles through bio-inspired polydopamine coating on silicon nanowire arrays for practical SERS applications. J. Mater. Chem. B 2014, 10, 4455–4468. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  43. Bryche, J.-F.; Bélier, B.; Bartenlian, B.; Barbillon, G. Low-cost SERS substrates composed of hybrid nanoskittles for a highly sensitive sensing of chemical molecules. Sens. Actuators B 2017, 239, 795–799. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Barbillon, G.; Ivanov, A.; Sarychev, A.K. Hybrid Au/Si Disk-Shaped Nanoresonators on Gold Film for Amplified SERS Chemical Sensing. Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 1588. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  45. Graniel, O.; Iatsunskyi, I.; Coy, E.; Humbert, C.; Barbillon, G.; Michel, T.; Maurin, D.; Balme, S.; Miele, P.; Bechelany, M. Au-covered hollow urchin-like ZnO nanostructures for surface-enhanced Raman scattering sensing. J. Mater. Chem. C 2019, 7, 15066–15073. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Cui, S.; Dai, Z.; Tian, Q.; Liu, J.; Xiao, X.; Jiang, C.; Wu, W.; Roy, V.A.L. Wetting properties and SERS applications of ZnO/Ag nanowire arrays patterned by a screen printing method. J. Mater. Chem. C 2016, 4, 6371–6379. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Lee, Y.; Lee, J.; Lee, T.K.; Park, J.; Ha, M.; Kwak, S.K.; Ko, H. Particle-on-film gap plasmons on antireflective ZnO nanocone arrays for molecular-level surface-enhanced Raman scattering sensors. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2015, 7, 26421–26429. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Song, W.; Ji, W.; Vantasin, S.; Tanabe, I.; Zhao, B.; Ozaki, Y. Fabrication of a highly sensitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrate for monitoring the catalytic degradation of organic pollutants. J. Mater. Chem. A 2015, 3, 13556–13562. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. He, X.; Yue, C.; Zang, Y.; Yin, J.; Sun, S.; Li, J.; Kang, J. Multi-hotspot configuration on urchin-like Ag nanoparticle/ZnO hollow nanosphere arrays for highly sensitive SERS. J. Mater. Chem. A 2013, 1, 15010–15015. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Liu, X.W.; Wang, D.S.; Li, Y.D. Synthesis and catalytic properties of bimetallic nanomaterials with various architectures. Nano Today 2012, 7, 448–466. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Su, Y.; Xu, S.; Zhang, J.; Chen, X.; Jiang, L.-P.; Zheng, T.; Zhu, J.-J. Plasmon Near-Field Coupling of Bimetallic Nanostars and a Hierarchical Bimetallic SERS “Hot Field”: Toward Ultrasensitive Simultaneous Detection of Multiple Cardiorenal Syndrome Biomarkers. Anal. Chem. 2019, 91, 864–872. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  52. Joseph, D.; Kwak, C.H.; Huh, Y.S.; Han, Y.-K. Synthesis of AuAg@Ag core@shell hollow cubic nanostructures as SERS substrates for attomolar chemical sensing. Sens. Actuators B 2019, 281, 471–477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  53. Vu, T.D.; Duy, P.K.; Chung, H. Nickel foam-caged Ag-Au bimetallic nanostructure as a highly rugged and durable SERS substrate. Sens. Actuators B 2019, 282, 535–540. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  54. Barbillon, G. Latest Novelties on Plasmonic and Non-Plasmonic Nanomaterials for SERS Sensing. Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 1200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  55. Hussain, A.; Sun, D.-W.; Pu, H. Bimetallic core shelled nanoparticles (Au@AgNPs) for rapid detection of thiram and dicyandiamide contaminants in liquid milk using SERS. Food Chem. 2020, 317, 126429. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  56. Cong, S.; Yuan, Y.; Chen, Z.; Hou, J.; Yang, M.; Su, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Li, L.; Li, Q.; Geng, F.; et al. Noble metal-comparable SERS enhancement from semiconducting metal oxides by making oxygen vacancies. Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 7800. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  57. Liu, W.; Bai, H.; Li, X.; Li, W.; Zhai, J.; Li, J.; Xi, G. Improved Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Sensitivity on Metallic Tungsten Oxide by the Synergistic Effect of Surface Plasmon Resonance Coupling and Charge Transfer. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2018, 9, 4096–4100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  58. Hou, X.; Fan, X.; Wei, P.; Qiu, T. Planar transition metal oxides SERS chips: A general strategy. J. Mater. Chem. C 2019, 7, 11134–11141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  59. Wei, W.; Yao, Y.; Zhao, Q.; Xu, Z.; Wang, Q.; Zhang, Z.; Gao, Y. Oxygen defect-induced localized surface plasmon resonance at the WO3−x quantum dot/silver nanowire interface: SERS and photocatalysis. Nanoscale 2019, 11, 5535–5547. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  60. He, R.; Lai, H.; Wang, S.; Chen, T.; Xie, F.; Chen, Q.; Liu, P.; Chen, J.; Xie, W. Few-layered vdW MoO3 for sensitive, uniform and stable SERS applications. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2020, 507, 145116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  61. Wang, X.; Li, J.; Shen, Y.; Xie, A. An assembled ordered W18O49 nanowire film with high SERS sensitivity and stability for the detection of RB. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2020, 504, 144073. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  62. Ben-Jaber, S.; Peveler, W.J.; Quesada-Cabrera, R.; Cortés, E.; Sotelo-Vazquez, C.; Abdul-Karim, N.; Maier, S.A.; Parkin, I.P. Photo-induced enhanced Raman spectroscopy for universal ultra-trace detection of explosives, pollutants and biomolecules. Nat. Commun. 2016, 7, 12189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  63. Glass, D.; Cortés, E.; Ben-Jaber, S.; Brick, T.; Peveler, W.J.; Blackman, C.S.; Howle, C.R.; Quesada-Cabrera, R.; Parkin, I.P.; Maier, S.A. Dynamics of Photo-Induced Surface Oxygen Vacancies in Metal-Oxide Semiconductors Studied Under Ambient Conditions. Adv. Sci. 2019, 6, 1901841. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  64. Barbillon, G.; Noblet, T.; Humbert, C. Highly crystalline ZnO film decorated with gold nanospheres for PIERS chemical sensing. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2020, 22, 21000–21004. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  65. Sun, H.H.; Yao, M.G.; Song, Y.P.; Zhu, L.Y.; Dong, J.J.; Liu, R.; Li, P.; Zhao, B.; Liu, B.B. Pressure-induced SERS enhancement in a MoS2/Au/R6G system by a two-step charge transfer process. Nanoscale 2019, 11, 21493–21501. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  66. Barbillon, G. Nanoplasmonics in High Pressure Environment. Photonics 2020, 7, 53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  67. Li, J.-F.; Huang, Y.F.; Ding, Y.; Yang, Z.L.; Li, S.B.; Zhou, X.S.; Fan, F.R.; Zhang, W.; Zhou, Z.Y.; Wu, D.Y.; et al. Shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Nature 2010, 464, 392–395. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  68. Ding, S.-Y.; Yi, J.; Li, J.-F.; Ren, B.; Wu, D.-Y.; Panneerselvam, R.; Tian, Z.-Q. Nanostructure-based plasmon-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for surface analysis of materials. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2016, 1, 16021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  69. Li, J.-F.; Zhang, Y.-J.; Ding, S.-Y.; Panneerselvam, R.; Tian, Z.-Q. Core-Shell Nanoparticle-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Chem. Rev. 2017, 111, 5002–5069. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  70. Li, C.-Y.; Meng, M.; Huang, S.-C.; Li, L.; Huang, S.-R.; Chen, S.; Meng, L.-Y.; Panneerselvam, R.; Zhang, S.-J.; Ren, B.; et al. “Smart” Ag Nanostructures for Plasmon-Enhanced Spectroscopies. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 13784–13787. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  71. Hartman, T.; Weckhuysen, B.M. Thermally Stable TiO2- and SiO2-Shell-Isolated Au Nanoparticles for In Situ Plasmon-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy of Hydrogenation Catalysts. Chem. Eur. J. 2018, 24, 3733–3741. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  72. Hartman, T.; Wondergem, C.S.; Weckhuysen, B.M. Pratical Guidelines for Shell-Isolated Nanoparticle-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy of Heterogeneous Catalysts. ChemPhysChem 2018, 19, 2461–2467. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  73. Zhang, H.; Zhang, X.G.; Wei, J.; Wang, C.; Chen, S.; Sun, H.L.; Wang, Y.H.; Chen, B.H.; Yang, Z.L.; Wu, D.Y.; et al. Revealing the Role of Interfacial Properties on Catalytic Behaviors by In-Situ Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139, 10339–10346. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  74. Zhang, H.; Wang, C.; Sun, H.L.; Fu, G.; Chen, S.; Zhang, Y.J.; Chen, B.H.; Anema, J.R.; Yang, Z.L.; Li, J.F.; et al. In Situ Dynamic Tracking of Heterogeneous Nanocatalytic Processes by Shell-Isolated Nanoparticle-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Nat. Commun. 2017, 8, 15447. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  75. Lin, X.-D.; Li, J.-F.; Huang, Y.-F.; Tian, X.-D.; Uzayisenga, V.; Li, S.-B.; Ren, B.; Tian, Z.-Q. Shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy: Nanoparticle synthesis, characterization and applications in electrochemistry. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2013, 688, 5–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  76. Liu, Y.; Hu, Y.; Zhang, J. Few-Layer Graphene-Encapsulated Metal Nanoparticles for Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. J. Phys. Chem. C 2014, 118, 8993–8998. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  77. Chen, S.N.; Li, X.; Zhao, Y.Y.; Chang, L.M.; Qi, J.Y. Graphene oxide shell-isolated Ag nanoparticles for surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Carbon 2015, 81, 767–772. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  78. Yang, C.; Zhang, C.; Huo, Y.Y.; Jiang, S.Z.; Qiu, H.W.; Xu, Y.Y.; Li, X.H.; Man, B.Y. Shell-isolated graphene@Cu nanoparticles on graphene@Cu substrates for the application in SERS. Carbon 2016, 98, 526–533. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  79. Lin, X.-D.; Uzayisenga, V.; Li, J.-F.; Fang, P.-P.; Wu, D.-Y.; Ren, B.; Tian, Z.-Q. Synthesis of ultrathin and compact Au@MnO2 nanoparticles for shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. J. Raman Spectrosc. 2012, 43, 40–45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  80. Honesty, N.R.; Gewirth, A.A. Shell-isolated nanoparticle enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS) investigation of benzotriazole film formation on Cu(100), Cu(111), and Cu(poly). J. Raman Spectrosc. 2012, 43, 46–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  81. Li, S.-B.; Li, L.-M.; Anema, J.R.; Li, J.-F.; Yang, Z.-L.; Ren, B.; Sun, J.-J.; Tian, Z.-Q. Shell-Isolated Nanoparticle-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SHINERS) Based on Gold-Core Silica-Shell Nanorods. Z. Phys. Chem. 2011, 225, 775–783. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  82. Wang, Y.-H.; Wei, J.; Radjenovic, P.; Tian, Z.-Q.; Li, J.-F. In Situ Analysis of Surface Catalytic Reactions Using Shell-Isolated Nanoparticle-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Anal. Chem. 2019, 91, 1675–1685. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  83. Su, M.; Dong, J.-C.; Le, J.-B.; Zhao, Y.; Yang, W.-M.; Yang, Z.-L.; Attard, G.; Liu, G.-K.; Cheng, J.; Wei, Y.-M.; et al. In Situ Raman Study of CO Electrooxidation Pt(Hkl) Single-Cryst. Surfaces Acidic Solution. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 1–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  84. Wondergem, C.S.; Hartman, T.; Weckhuysen, B.M. In Situ Shell-Isolated Nanoparticle-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy to Unravel Sequential Hydrogenation of Phenylacetylene over Platinum Nanoparticles. ACS Catal. 2019, 9, 10794–10802. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  85. Wondergem, C.S.; Kromwijk, J.J.G.; Slagter, M.; Vrijburg, W.L.; Hensen, E.J.M.; Monai, M.; Vogt, C.; Weckhuysen, B.M. In Situ Shell-Isolated Nanoparticle-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy of Nickel-Catalyzed Hydrogenation Reactions. ChemPhysChem 2020, 21, 625–632. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  86. Hartman, T.; Geitenbeek, R.G.; Whiting, G.T.; Weckhuysen, B.M. Operando monitoring of temperature and active species at the single catalyst particle level. Nat. Catal. 2019, 2, 986–996. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  87. Zhang, Y.-J.; Chen, Q.-Q.; Chen, X.; Wang, A.; Tian, Z.-Q.; Li, J.-F. Graphene-coated Au nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. J. Raman Spectrosc. 2020, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  88. Kuruvinashetti, K.; Zhang, Y.; Li, J.; Kornienko, N. Shell isolated nanoparticle enhanced Raman spectroscopy for renewable energy electorcatalysis. New J. Chem. 2020, 44, 19953–19960. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  89. Zhao, Y.; Chang, X.; Malkani, A.S.; Yang, X.; Thompson, L.; Jiao, F.; Xu, B. Speciation of Cu Surfaces During the Electrochemical CO Reduction Reaction. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 9735–9743. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  90. Guan, S.; Attard, G.A.; Wain, A.J. Observation of Substituent Effects in the Electrochemical Adsorption and Hydrogenation of Alkynes on Pt{Hkl} Using SHINERS. ACS Catal. 2020, 10, 10999–11010. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  91. Saeed, K.H.; Forster, M.; Li, J.-F.; Hardwick, L.J.; Cowan, A.J. Water oxidation intermediates on iridium oxide electrodes probed by in situ electrochemical SHINERS. Chem. Commun. 2020, 56, 1129–1132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  92. Li, C.-Y.; Le, J.-B.; Wang, Y.-H.; Chen, S.; Yang, Z.-L.; Li, J.-F.; Cheng, J.; Tian, Z.-Q. In situ probing electrified interfacial water structures at atomically flat surfaces. Nat. Mater. 2019, 18, 697–701. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  93. Guo, B.; Lin, X.; Burgess, I.J.; Yu, C. Electrochemical SHINERS investigation of the adsorption of butyl xanthate and 2-mercaptobenzothiazole on pyrite. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2020, 529, 147118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  94. Bodappa, N.; Su, M.; Zhao, Y.; Le, J.-B.; Yang, W.-M.; Radjenovic, P.; Dong, J.-C.; Cheng, J.; Tian, Z.-Q.; Li, J.-F. Early Stages of Electrochemical Oxydation of Cu(111) and Polycrystalline Cu Surfaces Revealed by in Situ Raman Spectroscopy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141, 12192–12196. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  95. Galloway, T.A.; Dong, J.-C.; Li, J.-F.; Attard, G.; Hardwick, L.J. Oxygen reactions on Pthkl in a non-aqueous Na+ electrolyte: Site selective stabilisation of a sodium peroxy species. Chem. Sci. 2019, 10, 2956–2964. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  96. Dong, J.-C.; Zhang, X.-G.; Briega-Martos, V.; Jin, X.; Yang, J.; Chen, S.; Yang, Z.-L.; Wu, D.-Y.; Feliu, J.M.; Williams, C.T.; et al. In situ Raman spectroscopic evidence for oxygen reduction reaction intermadiates at platinum single-crystal surfaces. Nat. Energy 2019, 4, 60–67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  97. Dong, J.-C.; Su, M.; Briega-Martos, V.; Li, L.; Le, J.-B.; Radjenovic, P.; Zhou, X.-S.; Feliu, J.M.; Tian, Z.-Q.; Li, J.-F. Direct in Situ Raman Spectroscopic Evidence of Oxygen Reduction Reaction Intermadiates at High-Index Pt(hkl) Surfaces. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 715–719. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  98. Barlow, B.C.; Guo, B.; Situm, A.; Grosvenor, A.P.; Burgess, I.J. Shell isolated nanoparticle enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS) studies of steel surface corrosion. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2019, 853, 113559. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  99. Wang, C.; Chen, X.; Chen, T.-M.; Wei, J.; Qin, S.-N.; Zheng, J.-F.; Zhang, H.; Tian, Z.-Q.; Li, J.-F. In-situ SHINERS Study of the Size and Composition Effect of Pt-Based Nanocatalysts in Catalytic Hydrogenation. ChemCatChem 2020, 12, 75–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  100. Qiu, H.; Wang, M.; Zhang, L.; Cao, M.; Yang, Z.; Dou, J.; Ji, S.; Ji, Y.; Kou, S.; Bhatti, A.S. Insights into the role of graphene in hybrid photocatalytic system by in-situ shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Carbon 2019, 152, 305–315. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  101. Wondergem, C.S.; van Swieten, T.P.; Geitenbeek, R.G.; Erné, B.H.; Weckhuysen, B.M. Extented Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy to Liquids Using Shell-Isolated Plasmonic Superstructures. Chem. Eur. J. 2019, 25, 15772–15778. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  102. Zhang, S.-P.; Lin, J.-S.; Lin, R.-K.; Radjenovic, P.M.; Yang, W.-M.; Xu, J.; Dong, J.-C.; Yang, Z.-L.; Hang, W.; Tian, Z.-Q.; et al. In situ Raman study of the photoinduced behavior of dye molecules on TiO2(hkl) single crystal surfaces. Chem. Sci. 2020, 11, 6431–6435. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  103. Sun, M.; Li, B.; Liu, X.; Chen, J.; Mu, T.; Zhu, L.; Guo, J.; Ma, X. Performance enhancement of paper-based SERS chips by shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 2019, 35, 2207–2212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  104. Forato, F.; Talebzadeh, S.; Rousseau, N.; Mevellec, J.-Y.; Bujoli, B.; Knight, D.A.; Queffélec, C.; Humbert, B. Functionalized core–shell Ag@TiO2 nanoparticles for enhanced Raman spectroscopy: A sensitive detection method for Cu(II) ions. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2019, 21, 3066–3072. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  105. Queffélec, C.; Forato, F.; Bujoli, B.; Knight, D.A.; Fonda, E.; Humbert, B. Investigation of copper oxidation states in plasmonic nanomaterials by XAS and Raman spectroscopy. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2020, 22, 2193–2199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  106. Krajczewski, J.; Kedziora, M.; Kołataj, K.; Kudelski, A. Improved synthesis of concave cubic gold nanoparticles and their applications for Raman analysis of surfaces. RSC Adv. 2019, 9, 18609–18618. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  107. Nicinski, K.; Krajczewski, J.; Kudelski, A.; Witkowska, E.; Trzcinska-Danielewicz, J.; Girstun, A.; Kaminska, A. Detection of circulating tumor cells in blood by shell-isolated nanoparticle—Enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS) in microfluidic device. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 9267. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  108. El-Said, W.A.; Alshitari, W.; Choi, J.-W. Controlled fabrication of gold nanobipyramids/polypyrrole for shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy to detect γ-aminobutyric acid. Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 2020, 229, 117890. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  109. Zdaniauskienė, A.; Charkova, T.; Ignatjev, I.; Melvydas, V.; Garjonytė, R.; Matulaitienė, I.; Talaikis, M.; Niaura, G. Shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for characterization of living yeast cells. Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 2020, 240, 118560. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  110. Zheng, C.; Jia, H.Y.; Liu, L.Y.; Wang, Q.; Jiang, H.C.; Teng, L.S.; Geng, C.Z.; Jin, F.; Tang, L.L.; Zhang, J.G.; et al. Molecular fingerprint of precancerous lesions in breast atypical hyperplasia. J. Int. Med. Res. 2020, 48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  111. Hartman, T.; Geitenbeek, R.G.; Wondergem, C.S.; van der Stam, W.; Weckhuysen, B.M. Operando Nanoscale Sensors in Catalysis: All Eyes on Catalyst Particles. ACS Nano 2020, 14, 3725–3735. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  112. Zhang, H.; Duan, S.; Radjenovic, P.M.; Tian, Z.-Q.; Li, J.-F. Core–Shell Nanostructure-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Surface Catalysis. Acc. Chem. Res. 2020, 53, 729–739. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  113. He, Y.; Ren, H.; You, E.-M.; Radjenovic, P.M.; Sun, S.-G.; Tian, Z.-Q.; Li, J.-F.; Wang, Z. Polarization- and Wavelength-Dependent Shell-Isolated-Nanoparticle-Enhanced Sum-Frequency Generation with High Sensitivity. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2020, 125, 047401. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Photonics 08 00046 g001 550
Figure 1. (a) Principle scheme of a SHINERS catalyst (PtFe/Au@SiO 2 ) for CO oxidation. (b) SHINERS spectra for CO oxidation on Pt (blue line) and PtFe (red line) catalysts. The inset displays a zoom of the two SHINERS spectra (blue and red lines) in the range 350–550 cm − 1 in order to better observe the redshift of Raman peaks. All the figures are reprinted (adapted) with permission from [82], Copyright 2019 American Chemical Society.
Figure 1. (a) Principle scheme of a SHINERS catalyst (PtFe/Au@SiO 2 ) for CO oxidation. (b) SHINERS spectra for CO oxidation on Pt (blue line) and PtFe (red line) catalysts. The inset displays a zoom of the two SHINERS spectra (blue and red lines) in the range 350–550 cm − 1 in order to better observe the redshift of Raman peaks. All the figures are reprinted (adapted) with permission from [82], Copyright 2019 American Chemical Society.
Photonics 08 00046 g001
Photonics 08 00046 g002 550
Figure 2. (a) Fabrication process of a SHINERS catalyst (Pt/Au@SiO 2 ). (b) TEM picture of a SHINERS catalyst (Pt/Au@SiO 2 ). SHINERS spectra for CO adsorption on Pt for (c) the low range of wavenumbers and (d) the high range of wavenumbers. The grey zones correspond to the Raman peaks of Pt-CO bridge at 430 and 2010 cm − 1 , and Pt-CO linear at 505 and 2070 cm − 1 . All the figures are reprinted (adapted) with permission from [84] (https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acscatal.9b03010 (accessed on 1 January 2021)), Copyright 2019 American Chemical Society (for all further reuses related to the excerpted material, further permissions should be directed to the American Chemical Society).
Figure 2. (a) Fabrication process of a SHINERS catalyst (Pt/Au@SiO 2 ). (b) TEM picture of a SHINERS catalyst (Pt/Au@SiO 2 ). SHINERS spectra for CO adsorption on Pt for (c) the low range of wavenumbers and (d) the high range of wavenumbers. The grey zones correspond to the Raman peaks of Pt-CO bridge at 430 and 2010 cm − 1 , and Pt-CO linear at 505 and 2070 cm − 1 . All the figures are reprinted (adapted) with permission from [84] (https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acscatal.9b03010 (accessed on 1 January 2021)), Copyright 2019 American Chemical Society (for all further reuses related to the excerpted material, further permissions should be directed to the American Chemical Society).
Photonics 08 00046 g002
Photonics 08 00046 g003 550
Figure 3. (a) SHINERS spectra of a MBT solution (0.01 mM) recorded at pH 9.3 for different potentials. The black dotted line indicates the Raman peak at 1406 cm − 1 . (b) Potential configurations of the MBT adsorption on pyrite. (c) SHINERS spectra of a MBT solution (0.1 mM) recorded at pH 4.6 for different potentials. The black dotted lines indicate the Raman peaks at 1389 and 1409 cm − 1 . All the figures are reprinted from [93], Copyright 2020, with permission from Elsevier.
Figure 3. (a) SHINERS spectra of a MBT solution (0.01 mM) recorded at pH 9.3 for different potentials. The black dotted line indicates the Raman peak at 1406 cm − 1 . (b) Potential configurations of the MBT adsorption on pyrite. (c) SHINERS spectra of a MBT solution (0.1 mM) recorded at pH 4.6 for different potentials. The black dotted lines indicate the Raman peaks at 1389 and 1409 cm − 1 . All the figures are reprinted from [93], Copyright 2020, with permission from Elsevier.
Photonics 08 00046 g003
Photonics 08 00046 g004 550
Figure 4. (a) SEM picture of Au@SiO 2 nanoparticles on Cu surface (scale bar = 1 μ m). The inset displays a TEM picture of a Au@SiO 2 nanoparticle. (b) SHINERS spectra for Cu(111) oxidation in a 0.01 M KOH solution. (c) SHINERS spectra for Cu(poly) oxidation in a 0.01 M KOH solution. All the figures are reprinted (adapted) with permission from [94], Copyright 2019 American Chemical Society.
Figure 4. (a) SEM picture of Au@SiO 2 nanoparticles on Cu surface (scale bar = 1 μ m). The inset displays a TEM picture of a Au@SiO 2 nanoparticle. (b) SHINERS spectra for Cu(111) oxidation in a 0.01 M KOH solution. (c) SHINERS spectra for Cu(poly) oxidation in a 0.01 M KOH solution. All the figures are reprinted (adapted) with permission from [94], Copyright 2019 American Chemical Society.
Photonics 08 00046 g004
Photonics 08 00046 g005 550
Figure 5. (a) Principle scheme of a SHINERS (Au@SiO 2 ) measurement for oxygen reduction reaction on Pt( h k l ) surfaces. For different values of potential, SHINERS spectra recorded in HClO 4 solution (0.1 M) saturated in O 2 are shown for the surfaces of (b) Pt(311) and (c) Pt(211). All the figures are reprinted (adapted) with permission from [97], Copyright 2020 American Chemical Society.
Figure 5. (a) Principle scheme of a SHINERS (Au@SiO 2 ) measurement for oxygen reduction reaction on Pt( h k l ) surfaces. For different values of potential, SHINERS spectra recorded in HClO 4 solution (0.1 M) saturated in O 2 are shown for the surfaces of (b) Pt(311) and (c) Pt(211). All the figures are reprinted (adapted) with permission from [97], Copyright 2020 American Chemical Society.
Photonics 08 00046 g005
Photonics 08 00046 g006 550
Figure 6. (a) Principle scheme for the photocatalytic process of degradation of RhB molecules (RhB = red shapes) probed by SHINERS (Ag@SiO 2 NPs = blue spheres with a grey shell). The yellow shapes correspond to the g-C 3 N 4 nanodots (CNNDs), and the EGLs/ITO substrate is represented by the white rectangle on which the hexagonal lattice of graphene (EGLs) is depicted. (b) SHINERS spectra of RhB molecules recorded for various illumination times in the range 0–22 min. All the figures are reprinted from [100], Copyright 2019, with permission from Elsevier.
Figure 6. (a) Principle scheme for the photocatalytic process of degradation of RhB molecules (RhB = red shapes) probed by SHINERS (Ag@SiO 2 NPs = blue spheres with a grey shell). The yellow shapes correspond to the g-C 3 N 4 nanodots (CNNDs), and the EGLs/ITO substrate is represented by the white rectangle on which the hexagonal lattice of graphene (EGLs) is depicted. (b) SHINERS spectra of RhB molecules recorded for various illumination times in the range 0–22 min. All the figures are reprinted from [100], Copyright 2019, with permission from Elsevier.
Photonics 08 00046 g006
Photonics 08 00046 g007 550
Figure 7. SHINERS spectra of thiram recorded for various concentrations in the range 10 − 9 –10 − 3 M, where are indicated the four characteristic Raman peaks as well as the two peaks associated to the filter paper. The figure is reprinted from [103], Copyright 2019, with permission from Elsevier.
Figure 7. SHINERS spectra of thiram recorded for various concentrations in the range 10 − 9 –10 − 3 M, where are indicated the four characteristic Raman peaks as well as the two peaks associated to the filter paper. The figure is reprinted from [103], Copyright 2019, with permission from Elsevier.
Photonics 08 00046 g007
Photonics 08 00046 g008 550
Figure 8. SHINERS spectra for Ag@TiO 2 @bpy-PA (in black), Ag@TiO 2 @bpy-PA-Cu(I) (in red) and Ag@TiO 2 @bpy-PA-Cu(II) (in blue), where the Raman peaks of N-Cu(II) and N-Cu(I) vibrational modes are depicted. The figure is reproduced from [105] with permission from the Royal Society of Chemistry, Copyright 2020.
Figure 8. SHINERS spectra for Ag@TiO 2 @bpy-PA (in black), Ag@TiO 2 @bpy-PA-Cu(I) (in red) and Ag@TiO 2 @bpy-PA-Cu(II) (in blue), where the Raman peaks of N-Cu(II) and N-Cu(I) vibrational modes are depicted. The figure is reproduced from [105] with permission from the Royal Society of Chemistry, Copyright 2020.
Photonics 08 00046 g008
Table
Table 1. Shell-isolated nanoparticle Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS) application to the reactions with CO molecules (NPs = nanoparticles; G = Graphene).
Table 1. Shell-isolated nanoparticle Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS) application to the reactions with CO molecules (NPs = nanoparticles; G = Graphene).
SamplesCore/Shell Size (nm)ReactionRefs
PtFe/Au@SiO 2 NPs120/2CO oxidation[82]
Pt/Au@SiO 2 NPs55/2CO electrooxidation[83]
Pt/Au@SiO 2 NPs101/2CO adsorption[84]
Ni/Au@SiO 2 NPs90/2CO adsorption[85]
Au@SiO 2 NPs, Au@TiO 2 NPs90/3–105/2Hydrogenation/dissociation of CO[86]
Pt/Au@G NPs500/5 layers of GCO adsorption[87]
Au@SiO 2 NPs on Cu foil50/2CO adsorption[88,89]
Table
Table 2. SHINERS application to other surface catalytic reactions (NPs = nanoparticles; IrO x = Iridium oxide; MBT = 2-mercaptobenzothiazole; SnO 2 = Tin oxide; pNTP = para-nitrothiophenol; RhB = Rhodamine B; CNNDs = g-C 3 N 4 nanodots; EGLs = Electrochemical exfoliated graphene layers; ITO = Indium tin oxide).
Table 2. SHINERS application to other surface catalytic reactions (NPs = nanoparticles; IrO x = Iridium oxide; MBT = 2-mercaptobenzothiazole; SnO 2 = Tin oxide; pNTP = para-nitrothiophenol; RhB = Rhodamine B; CNNDs = g-C 3 N 4 nanodots; EGLs = Electrochemical exfoliated graphene layers; ITO = Indium tin oxide).
SamplesCore/Shell Size (nm)ReactionRefs
Au@SiO 2 NPs/Pt90/2Adsorption of Propargyl Alcohol[90]
Au@SiO 2 NPs/IrO x surface55/2Water oxidation[91]
Au@SiO 2 NPs/Au(111)55/2Configuration of interfacial water[92]
Au@SiO 2 NPs/pyrite55/2Adsorption of MBT[93]
Au@SiO 2 NPs/Cu surface55/2Oxidation of Cu surfaces[94]
Au@SiO 2 NPs/Pt( h k l )55/2–3Oxygen reduction reaction[95]
Au@SiO 2 NPs/Pt( h k l )55/2Oxygen reduction reaction[96]
Au@SiO 2 NPs/Pt( h k l )55/2Oxygen reduction reaction[97]
Au@SnO 2 NPs/steel surface35/4Steel surface corrosion[98]
Pt/Au@SiO 2 NPs120/2Hydrogenation of pNTP[99]
Ag@SiO 2 /RhB/CNND/EGL/ITO75/3Photodegradation of RhB[100]
Table
Table 3. SHINERS application for the detection of molecules and ions (NPs = nanoparticles; cc-Au = concave cubic gold; PPy = Polypyrrole).
Table 3. SHINERS application for the detection of molecules and ions (NPs = nanoparticles; cc-Au = concave cubic gold; PPy = Polypyrrole).
SamplesCore/Shell Size (nm)DetectionRefs
(Au/SiO 2 )@SiO 2 NPs on Si(61/900)/1–2Rhodamine 6G[101]
Au@SiO 2 NPs on TiO 2 (hkl)55/2Photoinduced behavior of dyes[102]
Ag@SiO 2 NPs on filter paper45/3Thiram[103]
Ag@TiO 2 NPs10-30/2–10Copper ions[104]
Ag@TiO 2 NPs20/2–10Copper oxidation states[105]
cc-Au@Ag@SiO 2 NPs50/4/2–54-mercaptobenzoic acid[106]
Au@PPy bipyramids100 (length)/1 γ -aminobutyric acid[108]
Au@SiO 2 NPs40/5Metschnikowia pulcherrima yeast cells[109]
Au@SiO 2 NPs55/2Atypical hyperplasia[110]
Ag@SiO 2 NPs53/2–5Tumor cells in blood[107]
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Barbillon, G. Applications of Shell-Isolated Nanoparticle-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Photonics 2021, 8, 46. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics8020046

AMA Style

Barbillon G. Applications of Shell-Isolated Nanoparticle-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Photonics. 2021; 8(2):46. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics8020046

Chicago/Turabian Style

Barbillon, Grégory. 2021. "Applications of Shell-Isolated Nanoparticle-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy" Photonics 8, no. 2: 46. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics8020046

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop