Quality Evaluation of Crude and Salt-Processed Cuscutae Semen through Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Multiple Components Using HPLC Combined with Chemometrics
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Reagents
2.2. Preparation of Salt-Processed Cuscutae Semen
2.3. Sample Preparation and Standard Solutions
2.4. Chromatographic Fingerprinting Conditions and Quantitative Analysis
2.5. Method Validation
2.6. Data Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Optimization of Chromatographic Conditions
3.2. Method Validation
3.3. Establishment and Similarity Evaluation of the HPLC Fingerprints of CS and PCS
3.4. Quantitative Analysis of the 12 Components in CS and PCS Samples
3.5. Chemometric Approaches
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Origin | Batch Number |
---|---|---|
S1 | Inner Mongolia | 20,210,301 |
S2 | Inner Mongolia | 20,201,201 |
S3 | Liaoning | 201,101 |
S4 | Ningxia | 20,121,001 |
S5 | Gansu | 20,210,524 |
S6 | Inner Mongolia | 210,301 |
S7 | Ningxia | 20,210,514 |
S8 | Inner Mongolia | 200,726 |
S9 | Inner Mongolia | 210,103 |
S10 | Heibei | 200,901 |
S11 | Shandong | 201,222 |
S12 | Yunnan | 20,210,606 |
S13 | Henan | 202,009 |
S14 | Guangxi | 202,007 |
S15 | Inner Mongolia | 200,915 |
S16 | Hebei | 202,106 |
S17 | Jiangsu | 202,008 |
S18 | Anhui | 20,210,610 |
S19 | Ningxia | 202,010 |
S20 | Inner Mongolia | 200,401 |
S21 | Shandong | 210,200,181 |
No. | Analyte | Calibration Curve Equation | r | Linear Range (mg/mL) | LOD (μg/mL) | LOQ (μg/mL) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 5-CQA | Y = 24,908,773X − 2450 | 1.0000 | 0.0002~0.0860 | 0.21 | 0.43 |
2 | 3-CQA | Y = 25,509,829X + 15,086 | 0.9990 | 0.0006~0.2238 | 0.56 | 1.12 |
3 | 4-CQA | Y = 20,357,556X − 1490 | 1.0000 | 0.0002~0.0816 | 0.20 | 0.41 |
4 | caffeic acid | Y = 47,472,731X + 17,007 | 0.9994 | 0.0002~0.0903 | 0.23 | 0.45 |
5 | hyperoside | Y = 13,723,924X + 13,326 | 0.9994 | 0.0006~0.2442 | 0.61 | 1.22 |
6 | isoquercitrin | Y = 13,711,789X + 3450 | 0.9996 | 0.0002~0.0865 | 0.22 | 0.43 |
7 | 3,4-DiCQA | Y = 30,307,263X − 23,528 | 0.9998 | 0.0002~0.0865 | 0.22 | 0.43 |
8 | astragalin | Y = 17,030,336X + 45,986 | 0.9994 | 0.0015~0.6079 | 1.52 | 3.04 |
9 | 4,5-DiCQA | Y = 33,839,153X − 13,637 | 0.9991 | 0.0002~0.0815 | 0.20 | 0.41 |
10 | quercetin | Y = 17,558,745X + 1850 | 0.9995 | 0.0002~0.0812 | 0.20 | 0.41 |
11 | kaempferol | Y = 21,261,390X + 12,682 | 0.9994 | 0.0006~0.2448 | 0.61 | 1.22 |
12 | isorhamnetin | Y = 16,630,604X + 5704 | 0.9994 | 0.0003~0.1044 | 0.26 | 0.52 |
No. | Samples | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S1 | CS | 0.12 ± 0.00 | 3.41 ± 0.00 | 0.19 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 5.49 ± 0.01 | 0.72 ± 0.00 | ND | 0.36 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.07 ± 0.00 | 0.14 ± 0.00 | DUL | 10.59 ± 0.01 |
PCS | 0.58 ± 0.04 | 2.55 ± 0.11 | 0.35 ± 0.03 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 4.91 ± 0.13 | 0.59 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 0.49 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.21 ± 0.01 | DUL | 9.93 ± 0.18 | |
S2 | CS | 0.11 ± 0.00 | 3.79 ± 0.00 | 0.20 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 4.17 ± 0.00 | 0.77 ± 0.00 | ND | 1.15 ± 0.00 | 0.08 ± 0.00 | 0.08 ± 0.00 | 0.35 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 10.78 ± 0.01 |
PCS | 0.72 ± 0.11 | 2.60 ± 0.21 | 0.46 ± 0.07 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 3.44 ± 0.17 | 0.60 ± 0.02 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 1.09 ± 0.04 | 0.07 ± 0.00 | 0.16 ± 0.04 | 0.30 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 9.63 ± 0.01 | |
S3 | CS | 0.09 ± 0.00 | 3.17 ± 0.01 | 0.14 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 4.72 ± 0.01 | 0.75 ± 0.00 | ND | 0.52 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 0.17 ± 0.00 | 0.34 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 10.04 ± 0.01 |
PCS | 0.45 ± 0.03 | 2.22 ± 0.15 | 0.29 ± 0.02 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 4.01 ± 0.21 | 0.62 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.00 | 0.55 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.17 ± 0.01 | 0.30 ± 0.02 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 8.82 ± 0.25 | |
S4 | CS | 0.09 ± 0.00 | 3.76 ± 0.01 | 0.16 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 4.77 ± 0.00 | 0.77 ± 0.00 | ND | 0.83 ± 0.00 | 0.07 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 0.09 ± 0.00 | DUL | 10.66 ± 0.00 |
PCS | 0.54 ± 0.00 | 2.77 ± 0.06 | 0.33 ± 0.00 | 0.07 ± 0.00 | 4.09 ± 0.07 | 0.65 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.00 | 1.15 ± 0.08 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.00 | 0.29 ± 0.03 | DUL | 10.16 ± 0.17 | |
S5 | CS | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 1.76 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | DUL | 3.81 ± 0.01 | 0.42 ± 0.00 | ND | DUL | DUL | 0.02 ± 0.00 | DUL | ND | 6.09 ± 0.01 |
PCS | 0.24 ± 0.01 | 1.52 ± 0.05 | 0.16 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 3.53 ± 0.06 | 0.35 ± 0.01 | DUL | DUL | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.08 ± 0.00 | DUL | DUL | 5.93 ± 0.07 | |
S6 | CS | 0.11 ± 0.00 | 3.67 ± 0.02 | 0.09 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 4.39 ± 0.01 | 0.60 ± 0.01 | ND | 0.40 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | DUL | ND | 9.44 ± 0.03 |
PCS | 0.57 ± 0.05 | 2.84 ± 0.05 | 0.33 ± 0.02 | 0.09 ± 0.00 | 3.97 ± 0.03 | 0.50 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.00 | 0.56 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.13 ± 0.01 | DUL | DUL | 9.12 ± 0.04 | |
S7 | CS | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 3.36 ± 0.01 | 0.15 ± 0.00 | 0.08 ± 0.00 | 3.66 ± 0.00 | 0.72 ± 0.00 | ND | 0.72 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 0.13 ± 0.00 | 0.11 ± 0.00 | DUL | 9.07 ± 0.03 |
PCS | 0.35 ± 0.07 | 2.44 ± 0.17 | 0.25 ± 0.04 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 3.00 ± 0.11 | 0.54 ± 0.02 | 0.07 ± 0.00 | 0.71 ± 0.05 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.13 ± 0.02 | DUL | 7.73 ± 0.18 | |
S8 | CS | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 3.30 ± 0.01 | 0.15 ± 0.02 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 4.86 ± 0.01 | 0.67 ± 0.00 | ND | 0.79 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.03 | 0.11 ± 0.00 | 0.38 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 10.52 ± 0.06 |
PCS | 0.37 ± 0.05 | 2.62 ± 0.12 | 0.22 ± 0.03 | 0.07 ± 0.00 | 4.33 ± 0.23 | 0.56 ± 0.04 | 0.07 ± 0.00 | 0.76 ± 0.05 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.34 ± 0.02 | DUL | 9.51 ± 0.32 | |
S9 | CS | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 2.98 ± 0.02 | 0.12 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 6.45 ± 0.01 | 0.60 ± 0.03 | ND | DUL | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.07 ± 0.00 | DUL | ND | 10.39 ± 0.07 |
PCS | 0.48 ± 0.02 | 2.32 ± 0.10 | 0.25 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 5.75 ± 0.18 | 0.55 ± 0.02 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | DUL | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | DUL | DUL | 9.56 ± 0.19 | |
S10 | CS | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 4.70 ± 0.04 | 0.13 ± 0.04 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 4.38 ± 0.00 | 0.76 ± 0.00 | ND | 0.56 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 0.21 ± 0.00 | DUL | 10.94 ± 0.08 |
PCS | 0.46 ± 0.04 | 3.42 ± 0.05 | 0.36 ± 0.03 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 3.81 ± 0.11 | 0.63 ± 0.02 | 0.07 ± 0.00 | 0.66 ± 0.04 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.26 ± 0.02 | DUL | 9.86 ± 0.20 | |
S11 | CS | 0.08 ± 0.00 | 4.00 ± 0.00 | 0.12 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 6.78 ± 0.00 | 0.83 ± 0.00 | ND | 0.77 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.09 ± 0.00 | 0.16 ± 0.00 | DUL | 12.91 ± 0.01 |
PCS | 0.41 ± 0.01 | 3.05 ± 0.09 | 0.28 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 5.83 ± 0.15 | 0.64 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.00 | 0.76 ± 0.03 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.13 ± 0.01 | 0.19 ± 0.01 | DUL | 11.46 ± 0.14 | |
S12 | CS | 0.10 ± 0.00 | 3.06 ± 0.01 | 0.22 ± 0.00 | 0.07 ± 0.00 | 3.69 ± 0.01 | 0.66 ± 0.00 | ND | 1.08 ± 0.00 | 0.10 ± 0.00 | 0.12 ± 0.00 | 0.44 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 9.58 ± 0.01 |
PCS | 0.47 ± 0.06 | 2.24 ± 0.32 | 0.30 ± 0.03 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 3.28 ± 0.26 | 0.60 ± 0.03 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 2.00 ± 0.84 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.17 ± 0.05 | 1.21 ± 0.67 | 0.08 ± 0.03 | 10.57 ± 1.41 | |
S13 | CS | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 2.67 ± 0.01 | 0.20 ± 0.00 | 0.07 ± 0.00 | 3.36 ± 0.01 | 0.72 ± 0.00 | ND | 2.52 ± 0.00 | 0.13 ± 0.00 | 0.24 ± 0.00 | 1.51 ± 0.00 | 0.09 ± 0.00 | 11.61 ± 0.01 |
PCS | 0.42 ± 0.01 | 2.33 ± 0.12 | 0.26 ± 0.01 | 0.09 ± 0.02 | 3.32 ± 0.06 | 0.61 ± 0.04 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 2.07 ± 0.83 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.17 ± 0.04 | 1.24 ± 0.66 | 0.09 ± 0.03 | 10.74 ± 1.55 | |
S14 | CS | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 3.09 ± 0.01 | 0.09 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 4.21 ± 0.02 | 0.62 ± 0.00 | ND | 1.06 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 0.14 ± 0.01 | 0.55 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 9.99 ± 0.05 |
PCS | 0.37 ± 0.01 | 2.51 ± 0.03 | 0.25 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.00 | 3.69 ± 0.08 | 0.52 ± 0.02 | 0.07 ± 0.00 | 0.95 ± 0.05 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.14 ± 0.01 | 0.46 ± 0.04 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 9.15 ± 0.11 | |
S15 | CS | 0.08 ± 0.00 | 4.08 ± 0.02 | 0.17 ± 0.02 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 4.22 ± 0.00 | 0.71 ± 0.00 | ND | 0.59 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 0.12 ± 0.00 | 0.13 ± 0.00 | DUL | 10.21 ± 0.04 |
PCS | 0.40 ± 0.03 | 3.38 ± 0.07 | 0.32 ± 0.02 | 0.11 ± 0.00 | 3.70 ± 0.03 | 0.60 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.00 | 0.67 ± 0.02 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.15 ± 0.00 | 0.13 ± 0.01 | DUL | 9.59 ± 0.05 | |
S16 | CS | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 3.28 ± 0.01 | 0.19 ± 0.00 | 0.09 ± 0.00 | 3.43 ± 0.01 | 0.87 ± 0.01 | ND | 2.67 ± 0.00 | 0.19 ± 0.00 | 0.19 ± 0.00 | 0.95 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 12.01 ± 0.03 |
PCS | 0.39 ± 0.02 | 2.70 ± 0.05 | 0.26 ± 0.01 | 0.21 ± 0.00 | 3.28 ± 0.09 | 0.71 ± 0.03 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 2.21 ± 0.02 | 0.16 ± 0.01 | 0.13 ± 0.01 | 0.72 ± 0.02 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 10.93 ± 0.16 | |
S17 | CS | 0.08 ± 0.00 | 3.16 ± 0.00 | 0.14 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 5.11 ± 0.00 | 0.65 ± 0.00 | ND | 0.40 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.08 ± 0.00 | 0.19 ± 0.00 | DUL | 9.90 ± 0.01 |
PCS | 0.38 ± 0.01 | 2.57 ± 0.05 | 0.24 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 4.61 ± 0.07 | 0.57 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.00 | 0.38 ± 0.02 | 0.07 ± 0.00 | 0.11 ± 0.00 | 0.17 ± 0.02 | DUL | 9.23 ± 0.12 | |
S18 | CS | 0.08 ± 0.00 | 3.89 ± 0.02 | 0.14 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 3.70 ± 0.02 | 0.73 ± 0.00 | ND | 0.74 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 0.12 ± 0.00 | DUL | 9.57 ± 0.06 |
PCS | 0.41 ± 0.14 | 2.74 ± 0.27 | 0.30 ± 0.09 | 0.11 ± 0.02 | 3.03 ± 0.11 | 0.59 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.75 ± 0.02 | 0.11 ± 0.00 | 0.11 ± 0.03 | 0.15 ± 0.01 | DUL | 8.38 ± 0.11 | |
S19 | CS | 0.09 ± 0.00 | 3.04 ± 0.01 | 0.20 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 4.65 ± 0.01 | 0.66 ± 0.00 | ND | 0.66 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 0.11 ± 0.00 | 0.34 ± 0.00 | DUL | 9.86 ± 0.01 |
PCS | 0.42 ± 0.04 | 2.05 ± 0.11 | 0.26 ± 0.02 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 3.81 ± 0.14 | 0.52 ± 0.02 | 0.09 ± 0.03 | 0.57 ± 0.02 | 0.07 ± 0.00 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.28 ± 0.01 | DUL | 8.25 ± 0.22 | |
S20 | CS | 0.07 ± 0.00 | 4.38 ± 0.01 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 4.11 ± 0.01 | 0.74 ± 0.00 | ND | 0.54 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.00 | 0.42 ± 0.00 | DUL | 10.57 ± 0.02 |
PCS | 0.54 ± 0.06 | 2.92 ± 0.15 | 0.41 ± 0.04 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 3.38 ± 0.10 | 0.60 ± 0.02 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.61 ± 0.09 | 0.09 ± 0.00 | 0.15 ± 0.02 | 0.44 ± 0.02 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 9.37 ± 0.12 | |
S21 | CS | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 3.63 ± 0.00 | 0.19 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 3.94 ± 0.00 | 0.66 ± 0.00 | ND | 0.66 ± 0.00 | 0.12 ± 0.00 | 0.10 ± 0.00 | 0.10 ± 0.00 | DUL | 9.55 ± 0.01 |
PCS | 0.45 ± 0.07 | 2.61 ± 0.03 | 0.28 ± 0.04 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 3.35 ± 0.03 | 0.55 ± 0.01 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.87 ± 0.11 | 0.15 ± 0.01 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.13 ± 0.00 | DUL | 8.71 ± 0.18 |
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Shi, Y.; Xu, C.-L.; Zhu, Y.-J.; Tian, Y.-W.; Liu, X.; Gao, X.; Qin, K.-M.; Li, W.-D. Quality Evaluation of Crude and Salt-Processed Cuscutae Semen through Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Multiple Components Using HPLC Combined with Chemometrics. Separations 2022, 9, 231. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations9090231
Shi Y, Xu C-L, Zhu Y-J, Tian Y-W, Liu X, Gao X, Qin K-M, Li W-D. Quality Evaluation of Crude and Salt-Processed Cuscutae Semen through Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Multiple Components Using HPLC Combined with Chemometrics. Separations. 2022; 9(9):231. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations9090231
Chicago/Turabian StyleShi, Yun, Chang-Li Xu, Yu-Jie Zhu, Yi-Wen Tian, Xiao Liu, Xun Gao, Kun-Ming Qin, and Wei-Dong Li. 2022. "Quality Evaluation of Crude and Salt-Processed Cuscutae Semen through Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Multiple Components Using HPLC Combined with Chemometrics" Separations 9, no. 9: 231. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations9090231