Mental Health Continuum—Short Form: Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) of Competing Models with Adolescents from Portugal
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
- Sociodemographic survey
2.2.1. Mental Health Continuum—Short Form
2.2.2. Escala de Avaliação do Eu Resiliente (EAER, Resilient Self-Assessment Scale)
2.2.3. Multidimensional Life Satisfaction Scale for Adolescents (MLSSA)
2.3. Ethical Approval
2.4. Data Analysis
- Confirmatory factor analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AIC | Akaike information criterion |
CFA | Confirmatory factor analysis |
CFI | Comparative fit index |
Df | Degree of freedom |
EAER | Escala de Avaliação do Eu Resiliente |
ECV | Explained common variance |
EWB | Emotional well-being |
FD | Factor Determinancy |
GFI | Goodness of Fit index |
H | H index |
Ku | Kurtosis |
M | Mean |
MH | Mental Health |
MHC | Mental Health Continuum |
MI | Mental Illness |
MLSSA | Multidimensional Life Satisfaction Scale for Adolescents |
PMH | Positive mental health |
PUC | Percent of Uncontaminated Correlations |
PWB | Psychological well-being |
RMSEA | Root Mean Square Error of Approximation |
SD | Standard deviation |
Sk | Skewness |
SWB | Social well-being |
WB | Well-being |
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Items | Minimum | Maximum | M | SD | Sk | Ku |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MCH1 (EWB) | 1.00 | 5.00 | 3.83 | 0.79 | −0.96 | 1.76 |
MCH2 (EWB) | 1.00 | 5.00 | 4.05 | 1.11 | −1.13 | 0.56 |
MCH3 (EWB) | 1.00 | 5.00 | 3.70 | 1.19 | −0.86 | −0.07 |
MCH4 (SWB) | 1.00 | 5.00 | 3.14 | 1.34 | −0.38 | −1.06 |
MCH5 (SWB) | 1.00 | 5.00 | 3.56 | 1.39 | −0.68 | −0.81 |
MCH6 (SWB) | 1.00 | 5.00 | 3.03 | 1.38 | −0.22 | −1.23 |
MCH7 (SWB) | 1.00 | 5.00 | 3.11 | 1.29 | −0.36 | −1.01 |
MCH8 (SWB) | 1.00 | 5.00 | 2.92 | 1.35 | −0.12 | −1.25 |
MCH9 (PWB) | 1.00 | 5.00 | 3.62 | 1.30 | −0.79 | −0.47 |
MCH10 (PWB) | 1.00 | 5.00 | 3.58 | 1.20 | −0.81 | −0.19 |
MCH11 (PWB) | 1.00 | 5.00 | 3.89 | 1.15 | −1.1 | 0.58 |
MCH12 (PWB) | 1.00 | 5.00 | 3.68 | 1.25 | −0.83 | −0.25 |
MCH13 (PWB) | 1.00 | 5.00 | 3.40 | 1.26 | −0.58 | −0.63 |
MCH14 (PWB) | 1.00 | 5.00 | 3.69 | 1.35 | −0.78 | −0.61 |
Multivariate | 66.86 | |||||
EWB | 3.00 | 15.00 | 11.60 | 2.76 | −10.55 | 5.14 |
SWB | 3.00 | 25.00 | 15.48 | 5.97 | −5.18 | −2.32 |
PWB | 4.00 | 30.00 | 21.74 | 6.12 | −9.55 | 3.59 |
Total MHC | 6.00 | 68.00 | 48.77 | 13.47 | −7.64 | 1.50 |
Models | χ2 | df | χ2/df | CFI | RMSEA | AIC | GFI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Single-factor | 547.73 | 77 | 6.96 *** | 0.88 | 0.11 | 603.73 | 0.84 |
Three-factor | 254.86 | 74 | 3.44 *** | 0.96 | 0.07 | 316.86 | 0.93 |
Bifactor | 141.10 | 63 | 2.24 *** | 0.98 | 0.05 | 225.10 | 0.96 |
Items | Single-Factor | Three-Factor | Bifactor | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PMH | EWB | SWB | PWB | PMH | EWB | SWB | PWB | |
MCH1 (EWB) | 0.64 *** | 0.71 *** | 0.61 *** | 0.40 *** | ||||
MCH2 (EWB) | 0.76 *** | 0.84 *** | 0.76 *** | 0.35 *** | ||||
MCH3 (EWB) | 0.78 *** | 0.86 *** | 0.77 *** | 0.40 *** | ||||
MCH4 (SWB) | 0.77 *** | 0.76 *** | 0.76 *** | 0.18 *** | ||||
MCH5 (SWB) | 0.62 *** | 0.60 *** | 0.63 *** | 0.07 | ||||
MCH6 (SWB) | 0.73 *** | 0.84 *** | 0.66 *** | 0.61 *** | ||||
MCH7 (SWB) | 0.74 *** | 0.81 *** | 0.68 *** | 0.45 *** | ||||
MCH8 (SWB) | 0.77 *** | 0.85 *** | 0.72 *** | 0.46 *** | ||||
MCH9 (PWB) | 0.76 *** | 0.80 *** | 0.76 *** | 0.22 *** | ||||
MCH10 (PWB) | 0.65 *** | 0.67 *** | 0.65 *** | 0.17 *** | ||||
MCH11 (PWB) | 0.67 *** | 0.67 *** | 0.69 *** | 0.02 | ||||
MCH12 (PWB) | 0.58 *** | 0.61 *** | 0.56 *** | 0.25 *** | ||||
MCH13 (PWB) | 0.67 *** | 0.71 *** | 0.66 *** | 0.33 *** | ||||
MCH14 (PWB) | 0.77 *** | 0.81 *** | 0.79 *** | 0.23 *** | ||||
Explained Common Variance (ECV) | 0.81 | 0.22 | 0.26 | 0.10 | ||||
Factor Determinancy (FD) | 0.95 | 0.68 | 0.81 | 0.53 | ||||
H Index | 0.93 | 0.34 | 0.53 | 0.25 | ||||
Omega (ω) | 0.95 | 0.88 | 0.89 | 0.87 | ||||
Omega Hierarchical (ωH) | 0.89 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.07 | ||||
Relative Omega (Rω) | 0.94 | 0.23 | 0.21 | 0.08 | ||||
Cronbach’s Alpha (α) | 0.93 | 0.84 | 0.87 | 0.86 |
Category Diagnosis of PMH | Gender | Total | |
---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | ||
Languishing | 5 (23.8) | 16 (76.2) | 21 (4.2) |
Moderate | 68 (37.6) | 113 (62.4) | 181 (36.6) |
Flourishing | 164 (56.0) | 129 (44.0) | 293 (59.2) |
Total | 237 (47.9) | 258 (52.1) | 495 |
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Loureiro, L.; Santos, J.; Loureiro, C. Mental Health Continuum—Short Form: Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) of Competing Models with Adolescents from Portugal. Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2025, 15, 43. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15040043
Loureiro L, Santos J, Loureiro C. Mental Health Continuum—Short Form: Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) of Competing Models with Adolescents from Portugal. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education. 2025; 15(4):43. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15040043
Chicago/Turabian StyleLoureiro, Luís, José Santos, and Cândida Loureiro. 2025. "Mental Health Continuum—Short Form: Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) of Competing Models with Adolescents from Portugal" European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 15, no. 4: 43. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15040043
APA StyleLoureiro, L., Santos, J., & Loureiro, C. (2025). Mental Health Continuum—Short Form: Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) of Competing Models with Adolescents from Portugal. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 15(4), 43. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15040043