Multi-Level Protective Factors of Adolescent Smoking and Drinking
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedure
2.2. Measurements
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Frequency n (%) | Male n (%) | Female n (%) | Chi-Square Tests |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | ||||
Male | 151 (54.7) | |||
Female | 125 (45.3) | |||
Lifetime prevalence of smoking | χ2 = 0.04, p > 0.05 | |||
No | 212 (77.7) | 115 (77.2) | 97 (78.2) | |
Yes | 61 (22.3) | 34 (22.8) | 27 (21.8) | |
Three-month prevalence of smoking | χ2 = 0.71, p > 0.05 | |||
No | 233 (84.4) | 130 (86.1) | 103 (82.4) | |
Yes | 43 (15.6) | 21 (13.9) | 22 (17.6) | |
Lifetime prevalence of drinking | χ2 = 0.01, p > 0.05 | |||
No | 119 (43.6) | 65 (43.6) | 54 (43.5) | |
Yes | 154 (56.4) | 84 (56.4) | 70 (56.5) | |
Three-month prevalence of drinking | χ2 = 0.39, p > 0.05 | |||
No | 136 (49.3) | 77 (51.0) | 59 (47.2) | |
Yes | 140 (50.7) | 74 (49.0) | 66 (52.8) |
Male | Female | ||
---|---|---|---|
Variables | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | t-Value |
Factors of individual protection (Psychological assets) | |||
Self-esteem | 29.33 ± 6.16 | 26.06 ± 5.83 | 4.37 |
Self-control | 20.09 ± 4.41 | 18.80 ± 4.90 | 2.26 |
Proactive coping | 42.03 ± 6.99 | 39.24 ± 6.58 | 3.28 |
Resilience | 28.24 ± 6.82 | 25.63 ± 7.31 | 2.99 |
Factors of school-level protection (School attachment) | |||
Attachment to school | 2.63 ± 0.66 | 2.84 ± 0.69 | −2.60 ** |
Attachment to school subjects | 2.63 ± 0.70 | 2.67 ± 0.75 | −0.50 |
Attachment to the environment | 2.63 ± 0.73 | 2.74 ± 0.75 | −1.15 |
Attachment to peers | 3.27 ± 0.66 | 3.16 ± 0.73 | 1.35 |
Attachment to teachers | 3.08 ± 0.71 | 3.04 ± 0.72 | 0.49 |
Factors of social protection (Social support) | |||
Family support | 3.75 ± 0.77 | 3.58 ± 0.90 | 1.70 |
Friend support | 3.95 ± 1.10 | 4.15 ± 0.96 | −1.63 |
Significant others | 4.42 ± 0.77 | 4.59 ± 0.71 | −1.85 |
Factors of mental protection (Quality of life) | |||
Satisfaction with life | 25.34 ± 6.84 | 23.67 ± 7.06 | 1.97 * |
General well-being | 8.76 ± 2.98 | 7.54 ± 3.11 | 3.22 *** |
Psychological well-being | 3.90 ± 0.58 | 3.77 ± 0.67 | 1.78 |
Non-Smokers | Current Smokers | Non-Drinkers | Current Drinkers | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | t-Values | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | t-Values |
Factors of individual protection (Psychological assets) | ||||||
Self-esteem | 28.38 ± 6.20 | 24.71 ± 5.44 | 3.43 *** | 28.75 ± 5.90 | 26.96 ± 6.41 | 2.35 * |
Self-control | 19.87 ± 4.56 | 17.47 ± 4.85 | 3.10 ** | 20.41 ± 4.48 | 18.64 ± 4.71 | 3.15 ** |
Proactive coping | 40.93 ± 7.06 | 39.71 ± 6.14 | 1.01 | 40.82 ± 6.79 | 40.67 ± 7.08 | 0.17 |
Resilience | 27.25 ± 7.13 | 25.92 ± 7.28 | 1.09 | 28.12 ± 7.13 | 26.06 ± 7.05 | 2.36 * |
Factors of school-level protection (School attachment) | ||||||
Attachment to school | 2.75 ± 0.68 | 2.57 ± 0.67 | 1.93 | 2.87 ± 0.66 | 2.59 ± 0.68 | 3.41 *** |
Attachment to school subjects | 2.68 ± 0.74 | 2.47 ± 0.57 | 2.20 | 2.82 ± 0.69 | 2.48 ± 0.72 | 4.01 *** |
Attachment to the environment | 2.72 ± 0 76 | 2.45 ± 0.59 | 2.19 * | 2.88 ± 0.70 | 2.48 ± 0.72 | 4.62 *** |
Attachment to peers | 3.26 ± 0.70 | 2.99 ± 0.63 | 2.36 ** | 3.33 ± 0.66 | 3.11 ± 0.71 | 2.62 ** |
Attachment to teachers | 3.10 ± 0.69 | 2.86 ± 0.78 | 2.06 * | 3.18 ± 0.65 | 2.95 ± 0.75 | 2.59 ** |
Factors of social protection (Social support) | ||||||
Family support | 3.76 ± 0.81 | 3.20 ± 0.81 | 4.18 *** | 3.86 ± 0.79 | 3.49 ± 0.83 | 3.77 *** |
Friend support | 4.06 ± 1.0 | 3.94 ± 1.10 | 0.67 | 4.05 ± 1.00 | 4.03 ± 1.0 | 0.14 |
Significant others | 4.53 ± 0.69 | 4.27 ± 0.98 | 1.65 | 4.59 ± 0.57 | 4.40 ± 0.87 | 2.22 * |
Factors of mental protection (Quality of life) | ||||||
Satisfaction with life | 25.19 ± 6.81 | 21.24 ± 7.03 | 3.40 *** | 26.07 ± 6.82 | 23.18 ± 6.86 | 3.45 *** |
General well-being | 8.49 ± 3.01 | 6.61 ± 3.09 | 3.66 *** | 8.90 ± 2.89 | 7.54 ± 3.15 | 3.65 *** |
Psychological well-being | 3.90 ± 0.61 | 3.51 ± 0.64 | 3.79 *** | 3.97 ± 0.58 | 3.71 ± 0.64 | 3.53 *** |
2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Self-control | 0.41 ** | 0.61 ** | 0.67 ** | 0.30 ** | 0.44 ** | 0.47 ** | 0.45 ** | 0.43 ** | 0.62 ** | 0.35 ** | 0.26 ** | 0.48 ** | 0.44 ** | 0.67 ** |
2. Self-esteem | - | 0.52 ** | 0.46 ** | 0.26 ** | 0.22 ** | 0.27 ** | 0.37 ** | 0.17 ** | 0.48 ** | 0.26 ** | 0.16 * | 0.45 ** | 0.48 ** | 0.49 ** |
3. Proactive coping | - | 0.67 ** | 0.27 ** | 0.33 ** | 0.34 ** | 0.37 ** | 0.31 ** | 0.53 ** | 0.25 ** | 0.18 ** | 0.44 ** | 0.41 ** | 0.61 ** | |
4. Resilience | - | 0.28 ** | 0.37 ** | 0.47 ** | 0.45 ** | 0.39 ** | 0.59 ** | 0.31 ** | 0.29 ** | 0.48 ** | 0.47 ** | 0.70 ** | ||
5. Attachm. to school | - | 0.59 ** | 0.42 ** | 0.37 ** | 0.41 ** | 0.40 ** | 0.18 ** | 0.17 ** | 0.26 ** | 0.40 ** | 0.42 ** | |||
6. Attachm. to subjects | - | 0.46 ** | 0.33 ** | 0.57 ** | 0.47 ** | 0.22 ** | 0.23 ** | 0.39 ** | 0.43 ** | 0.48 ** | ||||
7. Attachm. to the environm. | - | 0.63 ** | 0.49 ** | 0.49 ** | 0.45 ** | 0.34 ** | 0.35 ** | 0.44 ** | 0.55 ** | |||||
8. Attachm. to peers | - | 0.48 ** | 0.55 ** | 0.53 ** | 0.35 ** | 0.38 ** | 0.50 ** | 0.54 ** | ||||||
9. Attachm. teachers | - | 0.44 ** | 0.22 ** | 0.33 ** | 0.35 ** | 0.32 ** | 0.53 ** | |||||||
10. Family support | - | 0.36 ** | 0.30 ** | 0.68 ** | 0.66 ** | 0.89 ** | ||||||||
11. Friend support | - | 0.56 ** | 0.27 ** | 0.25 ** | 0.45 ** | |||||||||
12. Support from others | - | 0.30 ** | 0.19 ** | 0.46 ** | ||||||||||
13. Satisfaction with life | - | 0.54 ** | 0.69 ** | |||||||||||
14. General well-being | - | 0.59 ** | ||||||||||||
15. Psychological well-being | - |
Smoking Ever | Drinking Ever | |
---|---|---|
Predictors | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) |
Socio-demographic variables | ||
Age (years) | 1.92 (1.58–2.34) *** | 2.06 (1.66–2.55) *** |
Sex | ||
Male a | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Female | 1.06 (0.60–1.88) | 0.97 (0.60–1.56) |
Factors of individual protection (Psychological assets) | ||
Self-control | 0.85 (0.80–0.91) *** | 0.88 (0.83–0.93) *** |
Self-esteem | 0.93 (0.88–0.97) ** | 0.94 (0.91–0.98) ** |
Proactive coping | 0.97 (0.93–1.01) | 0.98 (0.95–1.02) |
Resilience | 0.95 (0.91–0.99) ** | 0.93(0.89–0.96) *** |
Factors of school-level protection (School attachment) | ||
Attachment to school | 0.64 (0.42–0.97) * | 0.51 (0.35–0.74) *** |
Attachment to school subjects | 0.55 (0.36–0.84) ** | 0.49 (0.34–0.69) *** |
Attachment to the environment | 0.58 (0.39–0.85) ** | 0.47 (0.33–0.67) *** |
Attachment to peers | 0.53 (0.35–0.78) *** | 0.70 (0.49–1.00) |
Attachment to teachers | 0.57 (0.38–0.84) ** | 0.61 (0.43–0.87) ** |
Factors of social protection (Social support) | ||
Family support | 0.43 (0.30–0.62) *** | 0.53 (0.38–0.72) *** |
Friend support | 0.82 (0.63–1.07) | 0.91 (0.72–1.15) |
Significant others | 0.58 (0.41–0.82) ** | 0.63 (0.44–0.90) ** |
Factors of mental protection (Quality of life) | ||
Satisfaction with life | 0.92 (0.88–0.96) *** | 0.93 (0.89–0.96) *** |
General well-being | 0.80 (0.72–0.89) *** | 0.84 (0.77–0.92) *** |
Psychological well-being | 0.40 (0.25–0.64) *** | 0.38 (0.25–0.59) *** |
Smoking in the Past 3 Months | Drinking in the Past 3 Months | |
---|---|---|
Predictors | OR b (95% CI) c | OR (95% CI) |
Socio-demographic variables | ||
Age (years) | 1.64 (1.37–1.97) *** | 2.17 (1.74–2.70) *** |
Sex | ||
Male a | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Female | 0.76 (0.39–1.45) | 0.86 (0.53–1.38) |
Factors of individual protection (Psychological assets) | ||
Self-control | 0.90 (0.84–0.96) ** | 0.92 (0.87–0.97) ** |
Self-esteem | 0.91 (0.86–0.96) *** | 0.95 (0.92–0.99) * |
Proactive coping | 0.97 (0.93–1.02) | 1.00 (0.99–1.03) |
Resilience | 0.97 (0.93–1.02) | 0.96 (0.93–0.99) * |
Factors of school-level protection (School attachment) | ||
Attachment to school | 0.68 (0.42–1.09) | 0.54 (0.37–0.78) *** |
Attachment to school subjects | 0.67 (0.42–1.07) | 0.50 (0.35–0.72) *** |
Attachment to the environment | 0.62 (0.40–0.96) * | 0.46 (0.32–0.65) *** |
Attachment to peers | 0.60 (0.39–0.93) * | 0.63 (0.44–0.90) ** |
Attachment to teachers | 0.64 (0.41–0.98) | 0.64 (0.45–0.90) * |
Factors of social protection (Social support) | ||
Family support | 0.46 (0.31–0.68) *** | 0.57 (0.42–0.77) *** |
Friend support | 0.90 (0.67–1.22) | 0.98 (0.78–1.23) |
Significant others | 0.67 (0.46–0.98) * | 0.69 (0.49–0.96) * |
Factors of mental protection (Quality of life) | ||
Satisfaction with life | 0.92 (0.88–0.97) *** | 0.94 (0.91–0.97) *** |
General well-being | 0.81 (0.72–0.91) *** | 0.86 (0.79– 0.94) *** |
Psychological well-being | 0.40 (0.24–0.66) *** | 0.50 (0.33–0.74) *** |
Smoking Ever | Drinking Ever | Smoking in the Past 3 Months | Drinking in the Past 3 Months | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Predictors | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) |
Age (years) | 2.37 (1.78–3.17) *** | 2.42 (1.82–3.20) *** | 1.75 (1.37–2.23) *** | 2.21 (1.71–2.87) *** |
Self-control | 0.75 (0.66–0.87) *** | 0.84 (0.75–0.95) ** | 0.83 (0.72–0.95) ** | 0.89 (0.80–0.99) * |
Attachment to school subjects | - | - | 2.87 (1.21–7.36) * | - |
Attachment to the school environment | - | 0.49 (0.24–0.96) * | - | 0.44 (0.23–0.85) * |
Family support | 0.29 (0.09–0.97) * | - | - | - |
Friend support | - | 1.64 (1.08–2.66) * | - | 1.85 (1.15–2.97) * |
Significant others | 0.34 (0.16–0.73) ** | - | - | - |
χ2 | 95.57 *** | 107.30 *** | 61.81 *** | 98.90 *** |
df | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 |
Nagelkerke R2 | 0.51 | 0.49 | 0.40 | 0.46 |
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Dudok, R.; Piko, B.F. Multi-Level Protective Factors of Adolescent Smoking and Drinking. Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2023, 13, 932-947. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe13060071
Dudok R, Piko BF. Multi-Level Protective Factors of Adolescent Smoking and Drinking. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education. 2023; 13(6):932-947. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe13060071
Chicago/Turabian StyleDudok, Réka, and Bettina F. Piko. 2023. "Multi-Level Protective Factors of Adolescent Smoking and Drinking" European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 13, no. 6: 932-947. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe13060071