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Volume 12
Issue 2
10.18683/germs.2022.1327
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GERMS is published by MDPI from Volume 25 Issue 4 (2025). Previous articles were published by another publisher in Open Access under a CC-BY (or CC-BY-NC-ND) licence, and they are hosted by MDPI on mdpi.com as a courtesy and upon agreement with the former publisher Infection Science Forum S.R.L..
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Article

Incidence of Bloodstream Infections in Patients with COVID-19: A Retrospective Cohort Study of Risk Factors and Outcomes

by
Claudia Villatoro Santos
1,*,
Elisa Akagi Fukushima
2,
Wei Zhao
2,
Mamta Sharma
2,
Dima Youssef
2,
Susan Spzunar
3,
Miriam Levine
2,
Louis Saravolatz
2 and
Ashish Bhargava
2
1
Internal Medicine Department, Ascension St John Hospital, Detroit, MI 48236, USA
2
Infectious Disease Department, Ascension St John Hospital, Detroit, MI 48236, USA
3
Research Department, Ascension St John Hospital, Detroit, MI 48236, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
GERMS 2022, 12(2), 253-261; https://doi.org/10.18683/germs.2022.1327
Submission received: 3 December 2021 / Revised: 14 May 2022 / Accepted: 26 May 2022 / Published: 30 June 2022
Versions Notes

Abstract

Introduction: Prior evidence found that bloodstream infections (BSIs) are common in viral respiratory infections and can lead to heightened morbidity and mortality. We described the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of BSIs in patients with COVID-19. Methods: This was a single-center retrospective cohort study of adults consecutively admitted from March to June 2020 for COVID-19 with BSIs. Data were collected by electronic medical record review. BSIs were defined as positive blood cultures (BCs) with a known pathogen in one or more BCs or the same commensal organism in two or more BCs. Results: We evaluated 290 patients with BCs done; 39 (13.4%) had a positive result. In univariable analysis, male sex, black/African American race, admission from a facility, hemiplegia, altered mental status, and a higher Charlson Comorbidity Index were positively associated with positive BCs, whereas obesity and systolic blood pressure (SBP) were negatively associated. Patients with positive BCs were more likely to have severe COVID-19, be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), require mechanical ventilation, have septic shock, and higher mortality. In multivariable logistic regression, factors that were independent predictors of positive BCs were male sex (OR = 2.8, p = 0.030), hypoalbuminemia (OR = 3.3, p = 0.013), ICU admission (OR = 5.3, p < 0.001), SBP < 100 mmHg (OR = 3.7, p = 0.021) and having a procedure (OR = 10.5, p = 0.019). Patients with an abnormal chest X-ray on admission were less likely to have positive BCs (OR = 0.3, p = 0.007). Conclusions: We found that male sex, abnormal chest X-ray, low SBP, and hypoalbuminemia upon hospital admission, admission to ICU, and having a procedure during hospitalization were independent predictors of BSIs in patients with COVID-19.
Keywords: COVID-19; bacteremia; blood culture; intensive care units COVID-19; bacteremia; blood culture; intensive care units

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MDPI and ACS Style

Santos, C.V.; Fukushima, E.A.; Zhao, W.; Sharma, M.; Youssef, D.; Spzunar, S.; Levine, M.; Saravolatz, L.; Bhargava, A. Incidence of Bloodstream Infections in Patients with COVID-19: A Retrospective Cohort Study of Risk Factors and Outcomes. GERMS 2022, 12, 253-261. https://doi.org/10.18683/germs.2022.1327

AMA Style

Santos CV, Fukushima EA, Zhao W, Sharma M, Youssef D, Spzunar S, Levine M, Saravolatz L, Bhargava A. Incidence of Bloodstream Infections in Patients with COVID-19: A Retrospective Cohort Study of Risk Factors and Outcomes. GERMS. 2022; 12(2):253-261. https://doi.org/10.18683/germs.2022.1327

Chicago/Turabian Style

Santos, Claudia Villatoro, Elisa Akagi Fukushima, Wei Zhao, Mamta Sharma, Dima Youssef, Susan Spzunar, Miriam Levine, Louis Saravolatz, and Ashish Bhargava. 2022. "Incidence of Bloodstream Infections in Patients with COVID-19: A Retrospective Cohort Study of Risk Factors and Outcomes" GERMS 12, no. 2: 253-261. https://doi.org/10.18683/germs.2022.1327

APA Style

Santos, C. V., Fukushima, E. A., Zhao, W., Sharma, M., Youssef, D., Spzunar, S., Levine, M., Saravolatz, L., & Bhargava, A. (2022). Incidence of Bloodstream Infections in Patients with COVID-19: A Retrospective Cohort Study of Risk Factors and Outcomes. GERMS, 12(2), 253-261. https://doi.org/10.18683/germs.2022.1327

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