Problems of Selected Sectors of Biofuels for Transport in Poland
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Renewable Energies for Transport in EU and Poland: Actual Data and Regulatory Constraints—Contribution to Discussion
3.1. European Union’s Objectives on Renewable Energy in Transport
3.2. History, Current Status and Prospects for Transport Biofuels in Poland
3.3. Production and Usage
3.4. Poland as Compared with the European Union
3.5. Barriers in Accomplishment of Tasks Connected with Biofuels for Transport
- -
- in the case of biomass used for production of conventional biofuels, competitive towards food, barriers are usually due to low terminal reduction of the biocomponent
- -
- in the case of biomass used for production of advanced biocomponents, biomass is usually waste-based, but used by many markets competitively towards one another and, consequently, becoming difficult to access.
3.6. Other Problems of the Biofuels Sector in Poland
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Kind of Biocomponent | Number of Plants |
---|---|
bioethanol | 13 |
methyl esters | 9 |
bio-hydrocarbons | 3 |
biopropane | 2 |
biohydrogen | 1 |
Producers of Bioethanol | Annual Plant Capacity in Million Litres | Producers of Methyl Esters | Annual Plant Capacity in Million Litres |
---|---|---|---|
DESTYLACJE POLSKIE Sp. z o.o. Oborniki | 150 | ORLEN Południe S.A Trzebinia | 314 |
BIOAGRA S.A Warsaw | 275 | EUROSERVICE Zakłady Przemysłu Tłuszczowego w Surochowie Sp. z o.o. Jarosław | 475,65 |
BGW Sp. z o.o. Poznań | 125 | BIOAGRA-OIL S.A Tychy | 226 |
Component\Year | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (1) | (2) | (1) | (2) | (1) | (2) | (1) | (2) | |
bioethanol | 193.88 | - | 203.65 | - | 197.62 | 6.27 | 212.97 | 12.48 | 201.6 | 17.17 |
methyl ester | 867.40 | - | 896.96 | - | 859.44 | 23.82 | 877.14 | 83.00 | 846.31 | 106.27 |
liquid bio-hydrocarbons | - | - | 0.00 | - | 0.26 | - | 0.01 | 0.05 | 2.14 | 0.23 |
bio propane-butane | - | - | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.03 |
Component\Year | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pure biocomponents | |||||
Bioethanol | 73.79 | 74.21 | 64.04 | 66.50 | 64.46 |
Ester | 166.66 | 253.14 | 301.94 | 290.48 | 300.49 |
Liquid bio-hydrocarbons | - | - | - | 1.00 | - |
Biocomponents contained in fuels and liquid biofuels | |||||
Bioethanol | 13.33 | 25.83 | 25.04 | 25.14 | 21.42 |
Ester | 57.16 | 31.75 | 56.32 | 52.40 | 45.80 |
Liquid bio-hydrocarbons | - | - | 4.09 | - | - |
Total Consumption of Biofuels | Consumption of Biodiesel | Consumption of Bioethanol | |
---|---|---|---|
European Union | 17,826.0 | 14,349.7 | 3206.7 |
Selected member states | |||
France | 3197.0 | 2543.8 | 653.3 |
Germany | 2746.0 | 1940.0 | 749.0 |
Great Britain | 1807.8 | 1349.1 | 444.8 |
Spain | 1721.9 | 1592.5 | 129.4 |
Sweden | 1520.8 | 1251.0 | 144.8 |
Italy | 1317.0 | 1245.7 | 30.4 |
Poland | 1019.7 | 836.4 | 183.2 |
Year | NIT 1 % | Reduction Coefficient 1 | Substitute Charge 1 | Actual Share 2 of Renewable Energy in Transport |
---|---|---|---|---|
2012 | 6.65 | 0.85 | - | 6.5 |
2013 | 7.1 | 0.85 | - | 6.6 |
2014 | 7.1 | 0.85 | - | 6.2 |
2015 | 7.1 | 0.85 | - | 5.6 |
2016 | 7.1 | 0.85 | - | 3.9 |
2017 | 7.1 | 0.82 | 0 | 4.2 |
2018 | 7.5 | 0.86 | 85 | 5.6 |
2019 | 8.0 | 0.82 | 85 | 6 * |
2020 | 8.5 | 0.82 | 80 | |
2021 | 8.7 | 0.82 | 80 | |
2022 | 8.8 | 0.82 | 80 |
Evaluated Sector | Year of Analysis | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | |
Conventional methyl esters | 43.2 | 41.7 | 34.5 | 33.5 | 33.4 | 32.1 | 31.6 | 31.5 | 32.0 | 27.5 |
Conventional bioethanol | 33.3 | 37.5 | 27.3 | 26.7 | 26.6 | 22.8 | 22.3 | 24.0 | 25.0 | 28.0 |
Lignocellulosic ethanol | - | 56.9 | 66.2 | 66.2 | 69.5 | 70.6 | 71.1 | - | - | - |
Electromobility | - | - | - | - | - | - | 70.6 | 72.5 | 65.0 | 57.0 |
Liquid bio-hydrocarbons | 58.3 | 61.2 | 64.0 |
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Borowski, P.F.; Kupczyk, A.; Biernat, K.; Mączyńska-Sęczek, J.; Detka, T.; Golisz, E.; Gawłowska, A.; Di Nardo, M. Problems of Selected Sectors of Biofuels for Transport in Poland. Processes 2021, 9, 1573. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9091573
Borowski PF, Kupczyk A, Biernat K, Mączyńska-Sęczek J, Detka T, Golisz E, Gawłowska A, Di Nardo M. Problems of Selected Sectors of Biofuels for Transport in Poland. Processes. 2021; 9(9):1573. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9091573
Chicago/Turabian StyleBorowski, Piotr F., Adam Kupczyk, Krzysztof Biernat, Joanna Mączyńska-Sęczek, Tomasz Detka, Ewa Golisz, Agnieszka Gawłowska, and Mario Di Nardo. 2021. "Problems of Selected Sectors of Biofuels for Transport in Poland" Processes 9, no. 9: 1573. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9091573