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Volume 9
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10.3390/pr9122224
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Review

Digital Twins for Wind Energy Conversion Systems: A Literature Review of Potential Modelling Techniques Focused on Model Fidelity and Computational Load

by
Jeroen D. M. De Kooning
1,2,*,
Kurt Stockman
1,2,
Jeroen De Maeyer
1,2,3,
Antonio Jarquin-Laguna
4 and
Lieven Vandevelde
1,3
1
Department of Electromechanical, Systems and Metal Engineering, Ghent University, Tech Lane Ghent Science Park—Campus Ardoyen, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 131, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
2
FlandersMake@UGent–Corelab EEDT-MP, Flanders Make, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
3
FlandersMake@UGent–Corelab EEDT-DC, Flanders Make, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
4
Department of Maritime and Transport Technology, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 Delft, The Netherlands
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Processes 2021, 9(12), 2224; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9122224
Submission received: 10 November 2021 / Revised: 3 December 2021 / Accepted: 6 December 2021 / Published: 9 December 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wind Turbine Energy Conversion Systems)
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Abstract

The Industry 4.0 concept of a Digital Twin will bring many advantages for wind energy conversion systems, e.g., in condition monitoring, predictive maintenance and the optimisation of control or design parameters. A virtual replica is at the heart of a digital twin. To construct a virtual replica, appropriate modelling techniques must be selected for the turbine components. These models must be chosen with the intended use case of the digital twin in mind, finding a proper balance between the model fidelity and computational load. This review article presents an overview of the recent literature on modelling techniques for turbine aerodynamics, structure and drivetrain mechanics, the permanent magnet synchronous generator, the power electronic converter and the pitch and yaw systems. For each component, a balanced overview is given of models with varying model fidelity and computational load, ranging from simplified lumped parameter models to advanced numerical Finite Element Method (FEM)-based models. The results of the literature review are presented graphically to aid the reader in the model selection process. Based on this review, a high-level structure of a digital twin is proposed together with a virtual replica with a minimum computational load. The concept of a multi-level hierarchical virtual replica is presented.
Keywords: digital twins; wind energy; wind turbines; Industry 4.0; direct-drive; permanent magnet synchronous generator digital twins; wind energy; wind turbines; Industry 4.0; direct-drive; permanent magnet synchronous generator

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MDPI and ACS Style

De Kooning, J.D.M.; Stockman, K.; De Maeyer, J.; Jarquin-Laguna, A.; Vandevelde, L. Digital Twins for Wind Energy Conversion Systems: A Literature Review of Potential Modelling Techniques Focused on Model Fidelity and Computational Load. Processes 2021, 9, 2224. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9122224

AMA Style

De Kooning JDM, Stockman K, De Maeyer J, Jarquin-Laguna A, Vandevelde L. Digital Twins for Wind Energy Conversion Systems: A Literature Review of Potential Modelling Techniques Focused on Model Fidelity and Computational Load. Processes. 2021; 9(12):2224. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9122224

Chicago/Turabian Style

De Kooning, Jeroen D. M., Kurt Stockman, Jeroen De Maeyer, Antonio Jarquin-Laguna, and Lieven Vandevelde. 2021. "Digital Twins for Wind Energy Conversion Systems: A Literature Review of Potential Modelling Techniques Focused on Model Fidelity and Computational Load" Processes 9, no. 12: 2224. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9122224

APA Style

De Kooning, J. D. M., Stockman, K., De Maeyer, J., Jarquin-Laguna, A., & Vandevelde, L. (2021). Digital Twins for Wind Energy Conversion Systems: A Literature Review of Potential Modelling Techniques Focused on Model Fidelity and Computational Load. Processes, 9(12), 2224. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9122224

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