Bioassay-Guided Discovery of Potential Partial Extracts with Cytotoxic Effects on Liver Cancer Cells from Vietnamese Medicinal Herbs
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Instrumentation
2.3. Collecting, Preparing, and Extracting Plant Materials
2.4. Cell Cultures
2.5. Cytotoxicity Screening ASSAY
2.6. Preparation of Partial Extracts
2.7. Total Flavonoids Content (TFC)
2.8. DPPH Free Radical Scavenging Assay
2.9. Determination of 50% Cytotoxic Concentration (CC50)
2.10. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Cytotoxicity Screening
3.2. Evaluation of TFC, Antioxidant Activity, and CC50 of the Extracts from Luvunga scandens Leaves
3.3. Evaluation of TFC, Antioxidant Activity, and CC50 of the Extracts from Hyptis suaveolens Roots
No. | Scientific Name | Plant Family | Traditional Use | Plant Part | Cytotoxicity Effect (%) 1 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Huh-7 Cells | Hep3B Cells | HepG2 Cells | |||||
1 | Piper sarmentosum Roxb. | Piperaceae | Rheumatism arthralgia, rheumatic bone pain, wet joint pain and traumatic injury treatment [16,17]. Abdominal distension, gastricism, stomachache, toothache, headache [16]. Breast cancer [25], cervical carcinoma, and colon adenocarcinoma [26]. | Roots | 19.70 ± 5.33 | 29.01 ± 4.61 | 15.25 ± 11.78 |
Leaves | 6.78 ± 2.60 | 24.81 ± 12.75 | 12.22 ± 12.37 | ||||
Stems | 18.36 ± 3.48 | 22.41 ± 8.18 | 7.12 ± 13.18 | ||||
2 | Glinus oppositifolius (L.) Aug.DC. | Molluginaceae | Fever, liver diseases, abdominal pain and jaundice treatment [16]. | Stems | 20.40 ± 7.60 | 20.61 ± 3.53 | 12.82 ± 11.14 |
3 | Vernonia amygdalina Delile | Compositae | Stomach disorder, skin wound, diarrhea, scabies, ascariasis, tonsillitis, fever and worms infection [27]. Anticancer [28]. | Leaves | 27.06 ± 12.09 | 21.82 ± 4.57 | 0.00 ± 13.42 |
4 | Curcuma aromatica Salisb. | Zingiberaceae | Bruises, corn, sprains, dysentery and gastric ailments treatment [29]. Healing wounds and fractured bones [29]. Anti-tumor [30] and anti-carcinogenic [31]. | Roots | 13.06 ± 5.66 | 19.76 ± 4.94 | 0.00 ± 3.79 |
Leaves | 11.59 ± 3.88 | 21.00 ± 7.59 | 7.05 ± 13.41 | ||||
5 | Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn. | Phyllanthaceae | Cooling, diuretic, stomachic, febrifuge and antiseptic. Hepatitis, jaundice, fever, snake bites treatment [16]. | Roots | 21.48 ± 3.50 | 31.69 ± 7.33 | 17.09 ± 10.96 |
Stems | 16.88 ± 4.17 | 20.13 ± 8.33 | 3.63 ± 6.01 | ||||
6 | Crinum sp. | Crinum | Emetic, rheumatism, earache [32]. Swelling, urinary tract problems and anticancer [33]. | Leaves | 12.59 ± 1.96 | 15.41 ± 5.13 | 0.35 ± 4.94 |
7 | Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Roscoe ex Sm. | Zingiberaceae | Stomach pains, diarrhea, inflammation, flatulence, fever, poisoning, allergies, and bacterial infections [34]. Joint inflammation and pain [35]. Anticancer [36]. | Roots | 6.59 ± 3.43 | 18.11 ± 7.26 | 0.00 ± 7.72 |
Leaves | 9.90 ± 3.85 | 14.18 ± 9.86 | 6.79 ± 8.37 | ||||
Stems | 11.21 ± 2.89 | 17.22 ± 3.53 | 4.53 ± 3.90 | ||||
8 | Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. | Lamiaceae | Headache and fever treatment, stomach pains, diarrhea, flatulence, wound healing, hemostasis, snake bites [16]. Cancers and tumors treatment [37]. | Roots | 75.25 ± 4.36 | 84.77 ± 1.23 | 73.84 ± 3.05 |
Stems | 24.10 ± 3.67 | 40.23 ± 5.47 | 35.39 ± 6.11 | ||||
Leaves | 29.47 ± 4.38 | 40.05 ± 14.55 | 31.77 ± 13.74 | ||||
9 | Dicliptera chinensis (L.) Juss. | Acanthaceae | Hepatoprotection [38]. Stomachache, enteritis and diarrhea treatment [39]. | Stems | 18.12 ± 2.75 | 22.95 ± 6.91 | 9.64 ± 4.90 |
Leaves | 20.36 ± 5.32 | 22.01 ± 6.39 | 4.46 ± 4.56 | ||||
10 | Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe | Zingiberaceae | Aid digestion, relief for colic, blood purifier [16]. Stomach diseases, leucoderma, toothache and promoting menstruation [17,40]. Anticancer [41]. | Roots | 12.00 ± 1.39 | 24.86 ± 0.57 | 11.64 ± 15.02 |
Leaves | 24.78 ± 8.82 | 45.00 ± 13.46 | 19.50 ± 2.94 | ||||
11 | Eurycoma longifolia Jack | Simaroubaceae | Fever, jaundice, cachexia, and dropsy treatment [42,43]. Antimalarial, anti-tumor, and anticancer activity [44,45]. | Stems | 26.56 ± 4.54 | 29.50 ± 1.45 | 21.45 ± 6.17 |
Leaves | 19.32 ± 10.10 | 33.10 ± 4.35 | 15.89 ± 12.97 | ||||
12 | Solanum torvum Sw. | Solanaceae | Liver diseases, spleen enlargement, stomachache and toothache treatment [16,46]. Haemostasis and anti-inflammation [47]. | Fruits | 21.81 ± 2.04 | 39.68 ± 5.16 | 17.38 ± 3.85 |
Rhizomes | 24.52 ± 2.37 | 34.81 ± 1.71 | 18.99 ± 7.83 | ||||
Leaves | 30.64 ± 3.67 | 77.39 ± 6.53 | 24.67 ± 2.70 | ||||
13 | Melastoma malabathricum L. | Melastomataceae | Liver diseases, hepatitis [16]. | Fruits | 11.82 ± 1.70 | 25.53 ± 3.74 | 4.40 ± 7.71 |
Stems | 25.34 ± 5.72 | 33.67 ± 2.44 | 11.96 ± 5.28 | ||||
Leaves | 13.91 ± 8.95 | 33.70 ± 9.73 | 6.69 ± 8.85 | ||||
14 | Luvunga scandens (Roxb.) Buch.-Ham | Rutaceae | Ascites, cirrhosis [15]. | Leaves | 36.34 ± 11.48 | 54.30 ± 12.19 | 73.35 ± 1.21 |
15 | Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr. | Rhizophoraceae | Inflammation of throat and mouth [15]. Liver diseases (folk experience). | Rhizomes | 26.11 ± 6.18 | 25.73 ± 2.08 | 12.37 ± 3.03 |
Leaves | 16.57 ± 9.42 | 31.06 ± 0.31 | 12.43 ± 14.15 | ||||
16 | Helicteres hirsuta Lour. | Malvaceae | Ulcer, anti-malaria, dysentery, flu, smallpox [14]. Liver diseases (folk experience) [48]. | Leaves | 23.08 ± 9.32 | 28.47 ± 12.11 | 12.93 ± 8.18 |
17 | Miliusa velutina (A.DC.) Hook.f. & Thomson | Annonaceae | Eye inflammation, stomach pains, sinusitis, skin diseases [15]. Liver diseases (folk experience). | Stems | 14.22 ± 5.61 | 21.93 ± 4.97 | 0.10 ± 2.27 |
Leaves | 15.58 ± 9.08 | 31.22 ± 12.21 | 7.02 ± 2.41 | ||||
18 | Grewia nervosa (Lour.) Panigrahi | Malvaceae | Cough, anti-malaria, digestive disorders [15]. Liver diseases (folk experience). | Fruits | 14.82 ± 5.63 | 24.85 ± 5.79 | 7.95 ± 4.64 |
Stems | 31.00 ± 6.84 | 45.50 ± 1.04 | 6.73 ± 12.07 | ||||
Leaves | 12.86 ± 4.09 | 20.18 ± 9.89 | 4.17 ± 1.78 | ||||
19 | Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz | Bignoniaceae | Cough, ulcer, abdominal pain [17]. Liver diseases (folk experience). | Stems | 33.90 ± 7.97 | 32.36 ± 10.17 | 23.80 ± 12.57 |
Leaves | 14.80 ± 8.18 | 25.65 ± 10.84 | 7.17 ± 9.15 | ||||
20 | Cleome gynandra L. | Cleomaceae | Arthritis, pimples, fever, anti-malaria, dysentery [16]. Liver diseases (folk experience). | Stems | 34.55 ± 7.12 | 22.76 ± 8.05 | 11.11 ± 3.60 |
Leaves | 17.37 ± 6.44 | 25.80 ± 2.46 | 8.96 ± 4.57 | ||||
21 | Lasia spinosa (L.) Thwaites | Araceae | Liver diseases, hepatitis, ascites, cirrhosis [15]. Liver failure, liver tonic [16]. | Fruits | 23.48 ± 12.26 | 31.81 ± 10.98 | 2.71 ± 6.98 |
Rhizomes | 13.82 ± 11.69 | 38.22 ± 12.09 | 12.64 ± 4.24 | ||||
Stems | 18.17 ± 7.59 | 26.31 ± 8.87 | 4.65 ± 6.69 | ||||
Leaves | 7.68 ± 10.18 | 25.06 ± 6.46 | 7.75 ± 12.37 | ||||
22 | Ipomoea pes-tigridis L. | Convolvulaceae | Pimples, hemoptysis [15]. Liver diseases (folk experience). | Roots | 29.25 ± 10.95 | 18.24 ± 8.19 | 7.11 ± 6.30 |
Stems | 14.97 ± 6.72 | 28.99 ± 9.28 | 14.32 ± 11.86 | ||||
Leaves | 11.42 ± 6.41 | 24.15 ± 3.43 | 13.17 ± 8.12 | ||||
23 | Cleome rutidosperma DC. | Cleomaceae | Hepatitis (folk experience). | Stems | 11.97 ± 8.95 | 27.19 ± 7.27 | 1.06 ± 9.51 |
Leaves | 29.47 ± 1.37 | 24.64 ± 3.64 | 18.61 ± 6.58 | ||||
24 | Crotalaria pallida Aiton | Leguminosae | Anticancer [16]. | Stems | 23.80 ± 5.87 | 16.82 ± 5.59 | 11.64 ± 5.77 |
Leaves | 10.01 ± 7.22 | 21.80 ± 6.98 | 15.84 ± 4.57 |
3.4. Evaluation of TFC, Antioxidant Activity, and CC50 of the Extracts from Solanum torvum Leaves
4. Discussion
4.1. Total Flavonoids Content, Antioxidant Activity, and Cytotoxic Effect of the Extracts from Luvunga scandens Leaves
4.2. Total Flavonoids Content, Antioxidant Activity, and Cytotoxic Effect of the Extracts from Hyptis suaveolens Roots
4.3. Total Flavonoids Content, Antioxidant Activity, and Cytotoxic Effect of the Extracts from Solanum torvum Leaves
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
HCC | Hepatocellular carcinoma. |
MTT | 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide. |
TFC | Total flavonoids content. |
Huh-7 HCC cells | Huh-7 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. |
DPPH | 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl. |
IC50 | The half maximal inhibitory concentration. |
CC50 | The 50% cytotoxic concentration. |
DMEM | Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium. |
RE | Rutin equivalent. |
L. scandens leaves | Luvunga scandens (Roxb.) Buch.-Ham. ex Wight & Arn. leaves. |
H. suaveolens roots | Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. roots. |
S. torvum leaves | Solanum torvum Sw. leaves. |
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Nguyen, H.M.; Nguyen, N.Y.T.; Chau, N.T.N.; Nguyen, A.B.T.; Tran, V.K.T.; Hoang, V.; Le, T.M.; Wang, H.-C.; Yen, C.-H. Bioassay-Guided Discovery of Potential Partial Extracts with Cytotoxic Effects on Liver Cancer Cells from Vietnamese Medicinal Herbs. Processes 2021, 9, 1956. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9111956
Nguyen HM, Nguyen NYT, Chau NTN, Nguyen ABT, Tran VKT, Hoang V, Le TM, Wang H-C, Yen C-H. Bioassay-Guided Discovery of Potential Partial Extracts with Cytotoxic Effects on Liver Cancer Cells from Vietnamese Medicinal Herbs. Processes. 2021; 9(11):1956. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9111956
Chicago/Turabian StyleNguyen, Hien Minh, Nhi Yen Thi Nguyen, Nghia Trong Ngoc Chau, Anh Bao Thi Nguyen, Van Kieu Thi Tran, Viet Hoang, Tri Minh Le, Hui-Chun Wang, and Chia-Hung Yen. 2021. "Bioassay-Guided Discovery of Potential Partial Extracts with Cytotoxic Effects on Liver Cancer Cells from Vietnamese Medicinal Herbs" Processes 9, no. 11: 1956. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9111956