Extending Applications of High-Pressure Homogenization by Using Simultaneous Emulsification and Mixing (SEM)—An Overview
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Coalescence and agglomeration can occur at higher volume fractions of the disperse phase (e.g., in dairy homogenization) [10,15]. In general, coalescence is more likely to occur in high-pressure homogenizers compared to rotor-stator-systems because of the high energy input at extremely short residence times [16].
- Emulsifiers need to meet specific criteria such as fast adsorption kinetics in order to fulfill their purpose in high-pressure homogenizers [17]. Some of the emulsifiers typically used in the food industry (biopolymers or proteins), for example, are heat- or pressure sensitive [1,7] which complicates the production of emulsions at higher temperatures.
2. Theoretical Background
2.1. High-Pressure Homogenization
2.2. Mixing
3. Developments in High-Pressure Homogenization
3.1. Geometrical Modifications of the Disruption Valve
3.2. Inserting a Second Homogenization Step
3.3. Simultaneous Emulsifying and Mixing
- In the operational modes 2 and 6, pure phases are mixed in the micromixer. Primary droplets are produced due to the turbulent current after the orifice. These operational modes can also be referred to as simultaneous primary emulsification and mixing (SpEM).
- In the operational modes 1, 3, and 4, the already existing droplets of the premixes are disrupted into smaller droplets. These operational modes can also be referred to as simultaneous homogenization and mixing (SHM).
- In the operational modes 5 and 7, primary and secondary droplet breakup occurs since both pure disperse phase and emulsion premix are inserted into the homogenizer.
4. Applications of SEM Homogenization
4.1. Preparation of Hybrid Nanoparticles
4.2. Particle Stabilized Emulsions
4.3. Dairy Homogenization
4.4. Melt Emulsification
4.5. SEM Process for Research Purposes
4.6. Economical Interest
5. Summary and Outlook
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gall, V.; Runde, M.; Schuchmann, H.P. Extending Applications of High-Pressure Homogenization by Using Simultaneous Emulsification and Mixing (SEM)—An Overview. Processes 2016, 4, 46. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr4040046
Gall V, Runde M, Schuchmann HP. Extending Applications of High-Pressure Homogenization by Using Simultaneous Emulsification and Mixing (SEM)—An Overview. Processes. 2016; 4(4):46. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr4040046
Chicago/Turabian StyleGall, Vanessa, Marc Runde, and Heike P. Schuchmann. 2016. "Extending Applications of High-Pressure Homogenization by Using Simultaneous Emulsification and Mixing (SEM)—An Overview" Processes 4, no. 4: 46. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr4040046