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Volume 14
Issue 2
10.3390/pr14020325
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Nonlinear Stress Sensitivity of Multiple Continua in Shale and Its Impact on Production: An Experimental Study on Longmaxi Formation, Southern Sichuan Basin, China

by
Xue-Feng Yang
1,
Hai-Peng Liang
2,*,
Yue Chen
1,*,
Shan Huang
1,
Dong-Chen Liu
1,
Yuan-Han He
1,
Xue-Lun Zhang
1,
Chong-Jiu Qu
1,
Lie-Yan Cao
1 and
Kai-Xiang Di
3
1
Shale Gas Research Institute, Southwest Oil & Gas Field Branch, PetroChina, Chengdu 610051, China
2
State Key Laboratory Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
3
Exploration and Development Research Institute, Sinopec Southwest Oil & Gas Company, Chengdu 610041, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Processes 2026, 14(2), 325; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14020325
Submission received: 4 November 2025 / Revised: 27 December 2025 / Accepted: 6 January 2026 / Published: 16 January 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Engineering Problems in the Development of Unconventional Oil and Gas Reservoirs)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Based on a nonlinear effective stress coefficient calculation method, this study investigates the nonlinear stress sensitivity of permeability in deep shale gas reservoirs through high-temperature, high-pressure experiments on matrix, unpropped fracture, and propped fracture samples. Furthermore, the influence of different effective stress models on production performance in deep shale gas wells was investigated using the PETREL integrated fracturing production simulation module. Results reveal significant nonlinearity in the effective stress behavior of all media, with matrix samples showing much stronger permeability stress sensitivity than fracture samples. Numerical simulations revealed that horizontal well productivity under the nonlinear effective stress model was lower than predictions from the net stress model, providing critical theoretical and technical foundations for the large-scale and efficient development of deep marine shale gas reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin and emphasizing the importance of accurate stress models for production performance forecasting.
Keywords: deep shale gas; stress sensitivity; nonlinear effective stress; numerical simulation deep shale gas; stress sensitivity; nonlinear effective stress; numerical simulation

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Yang, X.-F.; Liang, H.-P.; Chen, Y.; Huang, S.; Liu, D.-C.; He, Y.-H.; Zhang, X.-L.; Qu, C.-J.; Cao, L.-Y.; Di, K.-X. Nonlinear Stress Sensitivity of Multiple Continua in Shale and Its Impact on Production: An Experimental Study on Longmaxi Formation, Southern Sichuan Basin, China. Processes 2026, 14, 325. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14020325

AMA Style

Yang X-F, Liang H-P, Chen Y, Huang S, Liu D-C, He Y-H, Zhang X-L, Qu C-J, Cao L-Y, Di K-X. Nonlinear Stress Sensitivity of Multiple Continua in Shale and Its Impact on Production: An Experimental Study on Longmaxi Formation, Southern Sichuan Basin, China. Processes. 2026; 14(2):325. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14020325

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yang, Xue-Feng, Hai-Peng Liang, Yue Chen, Shan Huang, Dong-Chen Liu, Yuan-Han He, Xue-Lun Zhang, Chong-Jiu Qu, Lie-Yan Cao, and Kai-Xiang Di. 2026. "Nonlinear Stress Sensitivity of Multiple Continua in Shale and Its Impact on Production: An Experimental Study on Longmaxi Formation, Southern Sichuan Basin, China" Processes 14, no. 2: 325. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14020325

APA Style

Yang, X.-F., Liang, H.-P., Chen, Y., Huang, S., Liu, D.-C., He, Y.-H., Zhang, X.-L., Qu, C.-J., Cao, L.-Y., & Di, K.-X. (2026). Nonlinear Stress Sensitivity of Multiple Continua in Shale and Its Impact on Production: An Experimental Study on Longmaxi Formation, Southern Sichuan Basin, China. Processes, 14(2), 325. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14020325

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