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Volume 14
Issue 2
10.3390/pr14020280
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Aggregation of Air Conditioning Loads in Building Microgrids: A Day-Ahead and Real-Time Control Strategy Considering User Privacy Requirements

by
Jinjin Ding
1,
Wangchao Dong
1,
Bin Xu
1,
Dan Hu
1,
Zheng Tian
2,*,
Donglin Qin
2 and
Hongbin Wu
2
1
State Grid Anhui Electric Power Research Institute, Hefei 230601, China
2
School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Processes 2026, 14(2), 280; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14020280
Submission received: 24 November 2025 / Revised: 4 January 2026 / Accepted: 11 January 2026 / Published: 13 January 2026
(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Air conditioning loads play a critical role in maintaining the supply–demand balance of building microgrids (BMGs), yet their distributed nature and volatile response may undermine secure and stable operation. This paper proposes a day-ahead and real-time aggregated control strategy for BMG air conditioning loads with user privacy protection. First, an approximate aggregation model is developed based on building heat transfer characteristics, and the aggregated response potential is evaluated by jointly considering user comfort and willingness. Second, without sharing fine-grained user information, a Building Microgrid Operator (BMO)–Load Aggregator (LA) day-ahead distributed-scheduling model is formulated and solved using the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM). Finally, to address load fluctuations caused by heterogeneous initial indoor temperature distributions, a real-time control strategy based on State-Queueing (SQ) temperature-state pre-transfer is proposed. Case studies show that, compared with the baseline scheme, the proposed method reduces the system operating cost from CNY 50,694.58 to CNY 47,131.64, a 7% decrease, and decreases load shedding from 1466.35 kWh to 257.31 kWh, an 82% decrease. Meanwhile, the real-time control effectively suppresses power fluctuations in the early control stage, thereby improving both economic performance and response smoothness.
Keywords: air conditioning load; aggregated control; privacy protection; building microgrid; day-ahead scheduling; real-time control air conditioning load; aggregated control; privacy protection; building microgrid; day-ahead scheduling; real-time control

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MDPI and ACS Style

Ding, J.; Dong, W.; Xu, B.; Hu, D.; Tian, Z.; Qin, D.; Wu, H. Aggregation of Air Conditioning Loads in Building Microgrids: A Day-Ahead and Real-Time Control Strategy Considering User Privacy Requirements. Processes 2026, 14, 280. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14020280

AMA Style

Ding J, Dong W, Xu B, Hu D, Tian Z, Qin D, Wu H. Aggregation of Air Conditioning Loads in Building Microgrids: A Day-Ahead and Real-Time Control Strategy Considering User Privacy Requirements. Processes. 2026; 14(2):280. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14020280

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ding, Jinjin, Wangchao Dong, Bin Xu, Dan Hu, Zheng Tian, Donglin Qin, and Hongbin Wu. 2026. "Aggregation of Air Conditioning Loads in Building Microgrids: A Day-Ahead and Real-Time Control Strategy Considering User Privacy Requirements" Processes 14, no. 2: 280. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14020280

APA Style

Ding, J., Dong, W., Xu, B., Hu, D., Tian, Z., Qin, D., & Wu, H. (2026). Aggregation of Air Conditioning Loads in Building Microgrids: A Day-Ahead and Real-Time Control Strategy Considering User Privacy Requirements. Processes, 14(2), 280. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14020280

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