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Volume 14
Issue 17
10.3390/pr14172782
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Review

Hydrothermal Geothermal Systems: Progress in Multi-Field Coupled Numerical Simulation

by
Yuhao Li
1,
Yuetong Zhao
1,
Shuai Liu
1,
Chong Ma
1,2,
Wenguang Shi
1,
Peng Zeng
3 and
Fan Hu
1,2,3,4,*
1
State Key Laboratory of Deep Geothermal Resources, School of Sustainable Energy, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China
2
Inner Mongolia Institute of Technology, China University of Geosciences, Ordos 017010, China
3
Faculty of Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China
4
State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Processes 2026, 14(17), 2782; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14172782 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 1 August 2026 / Revised: 27 August 2026 / Accepted: 27 August 2026 / Published: 29 August 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies and Intelligent Solutions for Subsurface Energy Systems: Applications in Oil & Gas, Geothermal, CCUS, and Hydrogen)
Versions Notes

Abstract

This paper presents a comprehensive review of the applications and advances of numerical simulation in hydrothermal geothermal systems. It begins by outlining the global resource potential and basic characteristics of these systems while also identifying the limitations of conventional static resource assessment methods. Subsequently, it elaborates on how numerical simulation, based on thermal–hydraulic–mechanical–chemical (THMC) coupling theory, serves as an essential dynamic prediction tool for resource potential assessment, development optimization, long-term evolution forecasting, and environmental risk management. Furthermore, this review introduces commonly used simulation software and multi-field coupling frameworks and analyzes their specific applications through representative cases, including sedimentary basins, uplifted mountain systems, and high-temperature geothermal systems. Finally, current technical challenges are summarized, and future perspectives are discussed, highlighting the integration of big data and artificial intelligence and the development of digital twin technologies.
Keywords: hydrothermal geothermal system; numerical simulation; multi-field coupling; resource assessment; development optimization hydrothermal geothermal system; numerical simulation; multi-field coupling; resource assessment; development optimization

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MDPI and ACS Style

Li, Y.; Zhao, Y.; Liu, S.; Ma, C.; Shi, W.; Zeng, P.; Hu, F. Hydrothermal Geothermal Systems: Progress in Multi-Field Coupled Numerical Simulation. Processes 2026, 14, 2782. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14172782

AMA Style

Li Y, Zhao Y, Liu S, Ma C, Shi W, Zeng P, Hu F. Hydrothermal Geothermal Systems: Progress in Multi-Field Coupled Numerical Simulation. Processes. 2026; 14(17):2782. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14172782

Chicago/Turabian Style

Li, Yuhao, Yuetong Zhao, Shuai Liu, Chong Ma, Wenguang Shi, Peng Zeng, and Fan Hu. 2026. "Hydrothermal Geothermal Systems: Progress in Multi-Field Coupled Numerical Simulation" Processes 14, no. 17: 2782. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14172782

APA Style

Li, Y., Zhao, Y., Liu, S., Ma, C., Shi, W., Zeng, P., & Hu, F. (2026). Hydrothermal Geothermal Systems: Progress in Multi-Field Coupled Numerical Simulation. Processes, 14(17), 2782. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14172782

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