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Article

Pomegranate Peel and Curly Dock Root Extracts for a Smart Use of Packaging

by
Domenico Rongai
* and
Maria Gabriella Di Serio
CREA-IT PE-Research Centre for Engineering and Agro-Food Processing, Via Lombardia, 65012 Pescara, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Processes 2026, 14(1), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14010106
Submission received: 11 November 2025 / Revised: 18 December 2025 / Accepted: 25 December 2025 / Published: 28 December 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological and Biotechnological Applications of Natural Products: Development, Chemical Analysis, Structure Determination, Bioactivity)
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Abstract

Packaging plays a crucial role in extending the shelf life of fresh fruits and vegetables, thereby preserving their quality characteristics throughout the supply chain. Packaging systems treated with natural compounds can replace synthetic packaging systems. This study aimed to evaluate the potential application of active cardboard packaging (ACP) in preserving fruit quality and extending its shelf life. We observed the effect of cardboard packaging containing Punica granatum peel extract (PPGE) and Rumex crispus root extract (RRCE) on the shelf life of strawberries, tomatoes, and table grapes. In vitro and in vivo tests demonstrated the ability of RRCE + PPGE (group A) and PPGE (group B), once incorporated into the packaging at a concentration of 8%, to create a system capable of inhibiting microbial growth, thus prolonging the freshness and marketability of the fruit. Conventional packaging (group C) was taken as control. Strawberry groups A and B showed disease severity (DS) values of 55.9 and 51.8%, significantly lower than the 87.7% found in group C. Similar findings were observed in table grapes and datterini tomatoes. Quality was also assessed by measuring the surface color of homogenized strawberries, grapes and tomatoes, using a spectrophotometer. In strawberries, after 4 days, the colorimetric values in groups A and B were 26.86 and 34.50, respectively, much higher than the 13.99 recorded in untreated strawberries (group C). In table grapes and datterini tomatoes, the same results as those obtained in strawberries were confirmed. This study offers a novel approach to extending the shelf life of fruits and vegetables. We believe this technology, in addition to being an excellent bioactive packaging solution capable of reducing losses and improving quality in the fruit supply chain, is also economically viable since PPGE is derived from pomegranate processing waste and RRCE is obtained from the roots of a weed.

1. Introduction

Post-harvest quality losses are mainly due to the ripening and senescence processes of fruits and vegetables, mainly due to dehydration, color changes, and fungal decay [1]. Fruit packaging is an essential component of the preservation process, as it protects against various environmental factors, ultraviolet rays, oxygen, microorganisms, and mechanical damage. In addition, it can inhibit flavor and odor loss and extend shelf life [2,3,4]. After harvest, fruits deteriorate rapidly, mainly due to microbial contamination. Although traditional treatments for their preservation and shelf-life extension are effective, they pose problems in terms of safety and, in some cases, consumer acceptance. The quality of fruit can be preserved through packaging and storage at low temperatures [5]; however, some recent studies report that it is possible to safeguard quality by incorporating antimicrobial agents into packaging materials [6,7,8], such as the addition of nanopropolis [9]. Strawberries, like many other fruits, have a high respiration rate, which significantly reduces their shelf life: packaging can reduce post-harvest losses by 40–50% [10]. Edible films can also be used to inhibit microbial growth on the surface of fresh produce [11,12]. Table grapes are another fruit that spoils easily after harvesting. The visual loss of quality in table grapes is mainly linked to weight loss, browning of the rachis, and crushing of the berries, phenomena that are also associated with susceptibility to fungal attack [13,14]. Consumers highly appreciate tomatoes for their intense flavor compared to conventional varieties. However, the main quality losses during storage are related to softening and deterioration, mainly because of Botrytis cinerea [15]. Color and texture are the main visual quality parameters of tomatoes, which significantly limit the shelf life of this vegetable product [16].
Even in the marketing of table grapes, prolonged post-harvest storage and the preservation of berry characteristics and color are of fundamental importance [17]. B. cinerea can cause significant damage even when bunches are individually packed and stored in refrigerated chambers [18]. New technologies are needed to control grey mold in table grapes to meet consumer demands. Various packaging systems have been studied, such as the one associated with a pre-treatment with SO2, which extended the shelf life of “Italia” table grapes [19]. To address these issues, several environmentally friendly technologies have been developed, including modified and controlled atmosphere packaging, active biopolymer-based packaging, and edible coating formulations [20,21]. Active packaging with the addition of certain compounds, such as natural extracts, allows interaction between the food, its packaging, and the internal and external environment, improving the sensory properties, safety, and quality of the product. The use of antimicrobial substances incorporated into packaging materials can extend shelf life by preventing the growth of microorganisms. The antimicrobial activity of pomegranate peel extract is linked to its high phenolic and flavonoid content [22]. In this study, we developed active cardboard packaging (ACP), an innovative packaging capable of interacting directly with the products stored inside and thus extending their shelf life. In this study, we tested extracts of Punica granatum peel extract (PPGE) and Rumex crispus root extract (RRCE), important sources of bioactive compounds. The antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of pomegranate peel in active food packaging have been the subject of numerous studies [23]. Punicalagins and ellagic acid are the main antifungal compounds [24]. The use of edible coatings and films enriched with pomegranate peel extract has been studied for improving the shelf life of food products by controlling the respiration rate, minimizing oxidative stress, and decreasing the loss of color, flavor, and other sensory attributes [25,26,27]. R. crispus L., a widely distributed weed, has long been used in diet and traditional medicine. R. crispus extract is a rich source of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins that can be used for food preservation [28], antimicrobial, and antifungal activities [29,30].
The main objective of this study was to evaluate the potential application of ACP in preserving fruit quality and extending its shelf life. As reported in other studies [22,23], a larger packaging surface containing bioactive substances in contact with the fruit provides better protection against microbes. Therefore, it can be hypothesized that our extracts (RRCE + PPGE) and PPGE, once incorporated into the packaging, create a system capable of inhibiting microbial growth, thus prolonging the freshness and marketability of the fruit. PPGE and RICE were characterized by chemical analysis and tested against two virulent fungi. Quality was also assessed by measuring the surface color of homogenized strawberries, tomatoes, and table grapes using a spectrophotometer.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Plant Material and Extracts Used

Fresh strawberries, datterini tomatoes, and table grapes at commercial maturity were purchased in May 2025 from a local farm in Pescara, Italy. Fruits of uniform size, physical integrity, and no defects were selected. Each type of fruit was stored in different types of packaging, as explained in the following section. Roots of Rumex cripus (RRCE) and peel of Punica granatum (PPGE) extracts were obtained according to the method described by Rongai et al., 2016 [22]. Plant materials were cut into small pieces and extracted using a hydroalcoholic solution (distilled water/ethanol, 90:10, v/v). The mixture (50 g of vegetable material in 500 mL of hydroalcoholic solvent) was then sonicated for 15 min and stirred on a magnetic stirrer at 40 °C for 16 h at room temperature. After extraction, ethanol was evaporated under vacuum using a rotary evaporator (Büchi R-210 Rotavapor, Will, Switzerland). The extracts were centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 10 min, and the supernatant was filtered through a 0.45 µm membrane filter. The filtered extracts were frozen at −80 °C for 24 h and then lyophilized for 48 h using a freeze dryer (Henan Chuangqin Mechanical Equipment Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, China). The extracts obtained (about 4 g), were stored at –20 °C until further use.

2.2. Chemical Analyses of PPGE and RRCE

Total phenolics content (TPC) of RRCE and PPGE was determined by Folin–Ciocalteu reagent. The measurement was conducted on a spectrophotometer Cary 100 Conc UV–Vis at λ = 760 nm against a blank. Gallic acid was used as standard phenolic compound for making the calibration curve that ranges between 0 and 500 mg L−1 (R2 = 0.99). The results are expressed as gallic acid equivalent (GAE) in grams of dry weight of lyophilized plant extracts. Acidity was determined by titration method with a 0.01 N alkaline sodium hydroxide solution using phenolphthalein (1%) as indicator and is expressed in g L−1 citric acid. The pH value of each extract was determined with a Hamilton pH electrode sensor.
PPGE was analyzed by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS according to Rongai et al., 2016 [22], to quantify ellagic acid and punicalagin alpha and beta isomers. The analysis was performed using a Waters Micromass 4microTriple Quadrupole system, equipped with a Waters Alliance 2695 separation module and 2695 Alliance autosampler, Waters 2487 Dual λ Absorbance Detector, Waters 4micro MSD (mass spectrometry detector) with electrospray ionization (ESI) interface, connected in series. The HPLC separation was carried out with an RP C18 analytical column, operating at 30° C. The diode array detector performed simultaneous monitoring at 280 nm and 320 nm. The Waters 4 micro Triple Quadrupole MSD was fitted with an ESI interface; data acquisition and processing were performed with MassLynx 4.1 software. All measurements were repeated twice within a period of 10 days.

2.3. In Vitro Tests

RRCE + PPGE, RRCE and PPGE were tested in vitro against two highly virulent fungal strains: Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici ER1372 (CRA-PAV collection) and Botrytis cinerea 1623 (CRA-DC Roma collection). Fungal cultures were maintained on potato dextrose agar (PDA, OXID CM 0139) and stored at 4 °C. As needed, the cultures were incubated on PDA for eight days in the dark at 25 ± 2 °C. To evaluate the antifungal activity of the plant extracts, Petri dishes (ø 90 mm) containing 20 mL of PDA per plate were supplemented with 200 mg of each powdered extract, corresponding to a 1% (w/v) concentration. PDA without extract was used as a negative control, while a standard fungicide (Marisan 50 PB, containing 60% Dicloran; SIAPA s.r.l., Milan, Italy) was included at a dose of 0.15% as a positive control. A 5 mm diameter mycelial plug was excised from the actively growing fungal cultures and placed in the center of each Petri dish, with the mycelium side facing up. Plates were incubated in the dark at 24 ± 2 °C for 4 days. Radial growth was assessed by measuring the colony diameter in four perpendicular directions and the mean value was used for the analysis. The percentage of growth inhibition was calculated using the following Formula (1):
% inhibition = [(growth in control − growth in treatment)/growth in control] × 100.
The tests were repeated three times.

2.4. In Vivo Tests

For this experiment, cardboard packages (paper box of size 18 cm × 10.5 cm × 3 cm, produced by Ghelfi Ondulati s.p.a., Sondrio, Italy) pretreated with 20% rock alums were used. Then they were activated by immersing them in solutions of RRCE + PPGE (group A) and PPGE (group B) at a concentration of 8%. Conventional packaging (CP) immersed in deionized water was used as the control (group C). All these packages were first oven-dried at 40 °C for 30 min and then, for each group, filled with forty-five strawberries (15 × 3 replicates), 45 tomatoes (15 × 3 replicates), and 60 grapes (20 × 3 replicates). They were stored for 2 days at 0 ± 1 °C, 95–98% relative humidity, and then at 20 ± 1 °C, 95–98% relative humidity for another 4, 12, and 25 days for table grapes and datterini tomatoes, respectively.
Disease severity (DS) and disease incidence (DI) were recorded. An empirical scale was designed for the experiment. DS was assessed on a 0–5 scale where 0 = no symptoms; 1 = 1–20% fruit surface infected; 2 = 21–40% fruit surface infected; 3 = 41–60% fruit surface infected; 4 = 61–80% fruit surface infected; and 5 = more than 81% of fruit infected and with sporulation. The percentage disease severity of each treatment was calculated using the following Formula (2):
DS% = (sum of all disease ratings × 100)/(total number of ratings × maximum disease grade).
Disease incidence was determined using the following Formula (3):
DI% = (N° of infected × 100)/(total number of fruits assessed).
The antifungal activity of the groups was also estimated through direct observation of homogenized samples. The test was repeated twice.

2.5. Color of the Homogenized Fruits

The surface colors of homogenized strawberries, tomatoes, and grapes were assessed using a spectrophotometer (Konica Minolta Optics, 2970 Ishikawa-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan; Model CM-2600D). Measurements were performed at three points for each sample. Color was expressed in terms of L* (brightness), with 0 representing black and 100 representing white, a* (redness/greenness), and b* (yellowness/blueness). The scores for these parameters are shown in a chromatic diagram.

2.6. Statistical Analysis

Mycelial growth inhibition, disease severity/incidence, and color of the homogenized fruits were analyzed using ANOVA with mean separation by Fisher’s protected LSD test at α = 0.05. Because the results from the two independent experiments were consistent and there were no interactions between the experimental run and treatments, the data from the two independent experiments were combined, and the experiment was treated as a block term in the analysis. To correct for heterogeneity of variance, the data were arcsine transformed before analysis. SigmaPlot V10 (London, UK) was used to create graphics and Sigma Stat V3.5 (London, UK) was used for ANOVA.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Chemical Analyses of PPGE and RRCE

The TPC value, expressed in mg GAE g−1 DW, was significantly higher in PPGE (444.5) than that measured in RRCE (84.2). The PC and EA analyses performed on PPGE (Table 1) show that the values are similar to those recorded by other authors [22].

3.2. In Vitro Tests

The RRCE + PPGE, RRCE and PPGE treatments tested in this experiment showed statistically lower mycelial growth than the control. RRCE showed little inhibition of F. oxisporum, while that of B. cinerea was good. PPGE was the most effective in inhibiting F. oysporum and B. cinerea, with mycelial growth of 10.4 and 14 mm, respectively, whereas in RRCE + PPGE, mycelial growth was 17 and 17.9 mm (Table 2). No significant differences in mycelial growth were observed between RRCE + PPGE and the fungicides. However, growth was significantly lower in PPGE than in fungicide.
Our findings agree with those of (Singh et al., 2018) [31] and (Rodriguez et al., 2025) [32], who reported that PPGE has good antimicrobial activity and can be used to ensure safety and prolong food freshness. Polyphenolic compounds, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, and tannins (punicalagins, gallic acid, and alginic acid), act synergistically to inhibit microbial growth [33]. An experimental study reported that PPGE-enriched coatings demonstrated remarkable antimicrobial efficacy in apricots, significantly reducing spoilage and weight loss while maintaining firmness and antioxidant activity over 30 days [34].

3.3. In Vivo Tests

RRCE and PPGE, rich in antioxidants and antimicrobial compounds, were incorporated into the packaging, creating a system capable of inhibiting microbial growth, thereby prolonging the freshness and marketability of the fruit. In vitro tests demonstrated that RRCE does not have good antimicrobial activity (Table 2). Therefore, PPGE alone and the PPGE + RRCE mixture were used for in vivo tests. During storage, strawberries are susceptible to microbial damage caused by molds and bacteria. In our trials, those stored in cardboard packaging activated by RRCE + PPGE (group A) and PPGE (group B) showed lower DS and DI percentages than those stored in untreated CP (group C). Specifically, groups A and B showed DS values of 55.9 and 51.8%, which were significantly lower than the 87.7% found in group C (Figure 1).
The DI and DS values recorded for table grapes stored in ACP (groups A and B) demonstrated the efficiency of this type of packaging. However, in group B the percentage of DS was 59.3%, statistically lower than those of group A and the untreated control (C). A similar trend was also found for DI, with the values for groups A and C of 69.6% and 94.8%, statistically higher than 57.7% in group B (Figure 1).
In tomatoes of group B, the percentages of DS and DI were 59.3 and 60, statistically lower than group A and the untreated control (C). No significant differences were recorded between groups A and C (Figure 1).
After 24, 48, and 72 h, the strawberries in group C and the homogenized ones appeared darker than those in groups A and B. After 96 h, the strawberries stored in A and B appeared better than those stored in C. If we also look at the homogenized ones, while the ones in group C have a brownish color, demonstrating significant deterioration, in groups A and B, they maintain their red color (Figure 2).
These results are in agreement to Rongai et al., 2018 [35]. The major softening of strawberries in group C was caused by the increased loss of cell wall materials and the presence of polygalacturonase, which solubilizes cell wall polyuronides [36]. The shelf life of the table grapes is shown in Figure 3.
Dehydration, browning, and crushing of grapes are the main visual quality parameters associated with increased fungal attack and, therefore, fruit decay [13]. In our trial, after 12 days, grapes stored in ACP (groups A and B) appeared in much better condition than those stored in CP. The homogenate in ACP appeared lighter and greener than that in CP (group C). In the latter, the homogenate is darker because it is produced from damaged grapes.
The shelf life of the datterini tomatoes is shown in Figure 3. In our experiment, the tomatoes had a long shelf life; after 25 days, they still looked good. However, tomatoes stored in ACP (groups A and B) appeared to show less deterioration than those in group C. In the latter group, the homogenized samples appeared darker than those stored in ACP (Figure 3).
Both extracts (groups A and B) were effective in delaying color changes and water loss in tomatoes. Studies have reported the use of pomegranate peel extract combined with gelatine and carboxymethylcellulose to create antibacterial and antioxidant-rich edible films for preserving various types of food [37]. A greater tendency for retention was observed in tomatoes stored in ACP. This retention may be due to the antioxidant properties of the extracts, which could protect tomato cell structures against cell wall-degrading enzymes (β-galactosidase, polygalacturonase, and pectin methylesterase). Tomatoes stored in the untreated control (group C) showed greater ripening and loss of firmness. As reported in other studies [38], a larger surface area of ACP (groups A and B) in contact with the fruit also provides better protection against fungi.

3.4. Colorimetric Parameters

Colorimetric values of strawberry, table grape, and datterini tomato homogenates were evaluated after 4, 12, and 25 days, respectively (Figure 4). The mean b* values of the homogenate obtained from strawberries stored in groups A and B were 26.86 and 34.50, respectively, much higher than the 13.99 recorded in the untreated (group C). Furthermore, the homogenate appears darker in group C, with a mean value of L = 9.3, lower than those of groups A and B, with L of 12.7 and 15.6, respectively (Figure 4).
After 4 days, strawberries stored in groups A and B showed superior acceptability and quality characteristics compared to untreated fruits (group C) (Figure 2). Strawberries become redder and darker during storage, and the main pigment that determines the color is anthocyanin [39,40]. As demonstrated in another study, ACP influences color retention and slows the ripening process [41].
The color coordinates of the homogenate obtained from table grapes in ACP groups A and B showed mean a* values of −10.67 and −15.96, respectively, which were statistically lower than the −1.58 recorded in group C (Figure 4). Grapes stored in CP, unlike those stored in ACP, show browning of the skin, accompanied by yellowing due to the degradation of chlorophyll [14]. Indeed, grapes stored in C have a L value of 19.2, lower than those measured in A and B (Figure 4). Therefore, the color analysis shows that ACP can slow down the fruit ripening process. This could be explained by the fact that the extracts present in ACP, owing to their antioxidant capacity, have a protective effect against color changes and fruit deterioration.
Finally, the a* and b* values of the homogenate obtained from tomatoes stored in groups A and B overlap, while those of group C (untreated) are perfectly separated. Analysis of the L values also confirms what was observed previously. In group C, the average L value was 7.29, lower than those measured for groups A and B (Figure 4). This demonstrates that even in tomatoes, storage in ACP produced a significantly different color of the homogenate compared to that of the untreated control.

4. Conclusions

The study showed that the use of cardboard packaging treated with PPGE and a blend of PPGE + RRCE showed good results in preventing the development of gray mold and extending the shelf life of strawberries, table grapes, and tomatoes. Our findings are consistent with those of Darwish et al. (2021) [42] and Bahmani et al. (2022) [43], who argue that the application of packaging containing bioactive compounds is a good alternative for extending the shelf life of fresh fruit.
Cardboard, commonly used for vegetable packaging, can serve as a base material incorporating active ingredients, thereby enhancing its mechanical properties and inhibiting microbial growth. Packaging cardboard containing active substances can control the microclimatic environment in the contact area between the cardboard wall and the fruit itself, ensuring good shelf life at a relatively low cost [44,45]. Fruits stored in ACP are of higher quality and may be more attractive to consumers than fruits stored in untreated cardboard. In conclusion, our findings indicate that cardboard packaging activated by PPGE (group B) and RRCE + PPGE (group A) could also be suitable for packaging and extending the shelf life of other readily perishable fruits or vegetables with a lower post-harvest life. Specifically, cardboard packaging activated by PPGE (group B) significantly extended the shelf life of strawberries, table grapes, and tomatoes. The rapid development of this technology is expected in the future, with the aim of improving the quality, stability, and safety of fruits and vegetables. We believe this technology, in addition to being an excellent bioactive packaging solution capable of reducing losses and improving quality in the fruit supply chain, is also economically viable since PPGE is derived from pomegranate processing waste and RRCE is obtained from the roots of a weed. Future studies are planned to evaluate the effects of cardboard packaging treated with PPGE and a blend of PPGE + RRCE on other fruits and on the microorganisms responsible for spoilage.

Author Contributions

D.R. and M.G.D.S. wrote the paper and contributed advice, reagents, materials, and analysis tools. D.R. performed the experiments and analyzed the data. D.R. and M.G.D.S. read and edited the paper. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by the project “Approcci Nanotecnologici per un controllo sostenibile e innovativo di Xylella” (ANCOSIX) N. 646715 del 16 December 2022 funded by The Ministry of Agriculture, Food Sovereignty and Forests (MASAAF), 2023–2026.

Data Availability Statement

All the data supporting the results of the study are already available in the Section 3 and in the Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3 and Figure 4.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Carlo Di Marco (CREA Research Centre for Engineering and Agro-Food Processing, Pescara, Italy) for support in purchasing materials used in testing.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Processes 14 00106 g001
Figure 1. Effect of ACP (groups A and B) and CP (group C) on disease incidence (DI) and disease severity (DS) in strawberries, table grapes and datterini tomatoes.
Figure 1. Effect of ACP (groups A and B) and CP (group C) on disease incidence (DI) and disease severity (DS) in strawberries, table grapes and datterini tomatoes.
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Processes 14 00106 g002
Figure 2. Shelf life of strawberries stored in ACP with RRCE + PPGE (group A), ACP with PPGE (group B) and conventional CP (group C).
Figure 2. Shelf life of strawberries stored in ACP with RRCE + PPGE (group A), ACP with PPGE (group B) and conventional CP (group C).
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Processes 14 00106 g003
Figure 3. Shelf life of table grapes and datterini tomatoes stored in ACP with RRCE + PPGE (group A), ACP with PPGE (group B) and conventional CP (group C).
Figure 3. Shelf life of table grapes and datterini tomatoes stored in ACP with RRCE + PPGE (group A), ACP with PPGE (group B) and conventional CP (group C).
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Processes 14 00106 g004
Figure 4. Diagram of colors and score plot for parameters a* and b* of three different groups. L is expressed as mean values.
Figure 4. Diagram of colors and score plot for parameters a* and b* of three different groups. L is expressed as mean values.
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Table 1. Chemical analysis of PPGE and RRCE. TPC = total phenolic content; EA = ellagic acid; PC = punicalagin content. Values with different letters for each column are statistically different (LSD test, p = 0.05).
Table 1. Chemical analysis of PPGE and RRCE. TPC = total phenolic content; EA = ellagic acid; PC = punicalagin content. Values with different letters for each column are statistically different (LSD test, p = 0.05).
Plant MaterialpHAcidityTPCEAPC
PC (α + β)PαCPβC
meq NaOH g−1 DWmg GAE g−1 DWmg g−1 DWmg g−1 DWmg g−1 DWmg g−1 DW
PPGE4.12 b1.56 a444.5 a15.4 d218.6 c96.2 c122.4 c
RRCE4.38 a4.37 b84.2 b
Table 2. In vitro mycelial growth on the fourth day after inoculation of F. oxysporum and B. cinerea in Petri dishes containing RRCE + PPGE, PPGE, fungicide (positive control) and untreated control (negative control). Values with different letters in each column are statistically different at p ≤ 0.001.
Table 2. In vitro mycelial growth on the fourth day after inoculation of F. oxysporum and B. cinerea in Petri dishes containing RRCE + PPGE, PPGE, fungicide (positive control) and untreated control (negative control). Values with different letters in each column are statistically different at p ≤ 0.001.
TreatmentDosesMycelia Growth
F. oxysporumB. cinerea
%mmmm
Untreated control 50.0a50.0a
RRCE141.0b27.2b
RRCE + PPGE117.0c17.9c
PPGE110.4d14.0d
Fungicide0.1516.1c16.6c
F = 10.298
p < 0.005		F = 60.415
p < 0.001
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Rongai, D.; Di Serio, M.G. Pomegranate Peel and Curly Dock Root Extracts for a Smart Use of Packaging. Processes 2026, 14, 106. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14010106

AMA Style

Rongai D, Di Serio MG. Pomegranate Peel and Curly Dock Root Extracts for a Smart Use of Packaging. Processes. 2026; 14(1):106. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14010106

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rongai, Domenico, and Maria Gabriella Di Serio. 2026. "Pomegranate Peel and Curly Dock Root Extracts for a Smart Use of Packaging" Processes 14, no. 1: 106. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14010106

APA Style

Rongai, D., & Di Serio, M. G. (2026). Pomegranate Peel and Curly Dock Root Extracts for a Smart Use of Packaging. Processes, 14(1), 106. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14010106

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