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Volume 13
Issue 9
10.3390/pr13092759
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Optimization of Milling Process Parameters for Waste Plum Stones for Their Sustainable Application

by
Nataša Gajić
1,*,
Dragana Radovanović
1,
Jovana Đokić
2,
Ivana Jelić
3,
Sanja Jevtić
4,
Katarina Sokić
4 and
Marija Štulović
1
1
Innovation Center of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Belgrade Ltd., University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
2
Innovation Centre of the Faculty of Chemistry in Belgrade Ltd., University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
3
Institute for Technology of Nuclear and other Mineral Raw Materials, Franchet d’Esperey 86, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
4
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Processes 2025, 13(9), 2759; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13092759
Submission received: 15 July 2025 / Revised: 10 August 2025 / Accepted: 20 August 2025 / Published: 28 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Waste Supermaterials: Engineered Multifunctional Composites for Dual Water-Waste Solutions)
Versions Notes

Abstract

The impact of milling process parameters on the physicochemical properties of waste plum stones was investigated to enable their further utilization as a functional material. The experiments were conducted using a planetary ball mill, with variations in milling duration (1–3 h), the ball-to-powder ratio (bpr) (10:1 and 20:1), and the rotation speed (250 and 500 rpm). Transformations of material in a function of process parameters were assessed by XRD, FTIR, and SEM analysis, revealing differences in particle size distribution, functional group composition, and surface morphology. Optimization of milling process parameters was focused on promoting fine particle formation and surface activation without causing significant material degradation. The best result was achieved with the PS-M10 sample, processed at a speed of 500 rpm and a bpr of 20:1 during a short milling time of 1 h. The milled sample demonstrated promising potential for further applications, particularly for heavy metal ion (Pb2+ and Cu2+) removal from aqueous solutions through adsorption.
Keywords: biomass; planetary milling; physicochemical properties; Pb2+ adsorption; Cu2+ adsorption biomass; planetary milling; physicochemical properties; Pb2+ adsorption; Cu2+ adsorption

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MDPI and ACS Style

Gajić, N.; Radovanović, D.; Đokić, J.; Jelić, I.; Jevtić, S.; Sokić, K.; Štulović, M. Optimization of Milling Process Parameters for Waste Plum Stones for Their Sustainable Application. Processes 2025, 13, 2759. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13092759

AMA Style

Gajić N, Radovanović D, Đokić J, Jelić I, Jevtić S, Sokić K, Štulović M. Optimization of Milling Process Parameters for Waste Plum Stones for Their Sustainable Application. Processes. 2025; 13(9):2759. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13092759

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gajić, Nataša, Dragana Radovanović, Jovana Đokić, Ivana Jelić, Sanja Jevtić, Katarina Sokić, and Marija Štulović. 2025. "Optimization of Milling Process Parameters for Waste Plum Stones for Their Sustainable Application" Processes 13, no. 9: 2759. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13092759

APA Style

Gajić, N., Radovanović, D., Đokić, J., Jelić, I., Jevtić, S., Sokić, K., & Štulović, M. (2025). Optimization of Milling Process Parameters for Waste Plum Stones for Their Sustainable Application. Processes, 13(9), 2759. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13092759

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