Correction: Damanik et al. The Performance and Exhaust Emissions of a Diesel Engine Fuelled with Calophyllum inophyllum—Palm Biodiesel. Processes 2019, 7, 597

The journal is publishing this correction to update the name of the Academic Editor listed on this published paper [1]. The originally listed Academic Editor has been replaced by Prof. Dr. Blaž Likozar.

In the original publication, the final decision was made by a Guest Editor who had not declared a conflict of interest with the author of this paper. As per our Special Issue guidelines (https://www.mdpi.com/special_issues_guidelines), any submission with a conflict of interest between the author and the Guest Editor must be edited by an independent Editorial Board Member. To adhere to this policy, an additional evaluation of the editorial process and publication has been made by an Editorial Board Member who confirmed all elements of the editorial process and concluded with the acceptance and publication of this publication with minor revisions needed. As a result of this process, the Editorial Office, Editorial Board, and the authors agreed to replace the existing Academic Editor listed on this publication with that of the Editorial Board Member who conducted this post-publication review.

Additionally, minor edits have been made to improve clarity and align with the Editorial Board’s evaluation. Modifications in specific sections of the publication are detailed below.

Together with the authors, the Editorial Office is making the following changes to this published paper [1]:

Text Correction

Corrections have been made to Section 2.5. Experimental Set-Up, to enhance the logical coherence of the article through rephrased sentences and rectified writing errors:

• The title of Section 2.5, the original was changed from “2.5. Experimental Set-Up” to “2.5. Experimental Set-Up for Engine Test Bed”.
• The result in abstract section was revised to “The results are indeed encouraging and satisfy the ASTM D6751. CPME shows the high heating value (37.9 MJ/kg) but low kinematic viscosity (4.50 mm²/s) due to change a higher proportion of shorter-chain and unsaturated FAMEs, which tend to lower viscosity compared to Calophyllum inophyllum methyl ester (CIME).). The blended fuels exhibit higher brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and NOx emissions, along with lower brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and reduced CO and HC emissions compared to diesel fuel across the entire range of speeds. Among the blends, CPME5 offered better performance compared to other blends fuel ratios”.
• At the end of paragraph Section 2.5, the text explanation and Equation (3) were added to explain the experimental data:
  “The experimental data were analyzed using standard deviation to calculate the average and evaluate the consistency and reliability of the results, as described in Equation (3).”

$$s=\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{\sum {\left(x_i-\overline{x}\right)}^2}{n-1}}}$$

(3)

Corrections have been made to Section 2.6. Uncertainties of the Experimental:

• First paragraph, fourth sentence: The speed accuracy, fuel consumption flow rate and time, which were ±10 rpm, ±1%, were changed to ±1 rpm and ±0.1 L/h.

In Section 3. Results and Discussion, five corrections were made to enhance the paper logic by rephrasing sentences and fixing language errors, as follows:

• Section 3.2, paragraph one, forth sentence: the original was changed from “which also serves as a lubricant” to “which also to improve biodiesel’s overall performance, including stability and heating value”.
• The caption of Table 4 was misleading. The original was changed from “Table 4. Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) composition of Calophyllym inophyllum Methyl ester, CIME, Palm Oil Methyl Ester (POME), and Ceiba pentandra Methyl ester (CPME)” to “Table 4. FAME composition of Calophyllym inophyllum Methyl ester (CIME), Palm Oil Methyl Ester (POME), and Calophyllum inophyllum–palm oil methyl ester (CPME)”.
• Section 3.3, paragraph one, ninth sentence: the original BSFC result for CIME10 blend was “(2.58 Ltr/kWhr)”; this was changed to “(3.352 Ltr/kWhr)”.
• Section 3.3, paragraph one, ninth sentence: the original was changed from “CIME5 (2.21 Ltr/kWhr)” to “CPME5 (2.11 Ltr/kWhr)”.
• Section 3.3, paragraph one, ninth and tenth sentences: the original was changed from “CIME10” to “CPME5”.
• Section 3.3, paragraph one, tenth sentence: the original result for heating value was changed from “(43.9 MJ/kg)” to “(44.1 MJ/kg)”.
• Section 3.3, paragraph one, tenth sentence: the original sentence was changed from “compared with CPME5 (43.1 MJ/kg)” to “compared with CIME10 and CIME5 (42.9 MJ/kg and 43.1 MJ/kg)”.
• Section 3.4, paragraph one, fifth sentence: the original sentence was changed from “1.25%–22% BTE” to “2.40%–3.47% BTE”.
• Section 3.5, paragraph one, sixth sentence: the original sentence was changed from “The average NO_x for diesel fuel was found to be 112 ppm, which is 1.5%–29% higher than the blended fuels” to “The diesel as base line has an average NO emissions higher than CPME5 and CIME10 in low speed (1400–2200 rpm) that are 140.9 ppm.vol, 129.7 ppm.vol and 141.1 ppm.vol, respectively”.
• Section 3.6, paragraph one, sixth sentence: the original sentence was change from “As mentioned earlier, biodiesel fuel has a 12% higher oxygen content than diesel fuel, which accepts more carbon molecules to be burnt completely [36]”. To “Lopes et al. [37] stated that biodiesel fuel has a 11% higher oxygen content than diesel fuel, which accepts more carbon molecules to be burnt completely”.

Error in Table

In the original publication [1], there was a mistake in Table 4 as published. Table 4 contains inaccurate information to explain the FAME composition of Calophyllym inophyllum Methyl ester (CIME), Palm Oil Methyl Ester (POME), and Calophyllum inophyllum–palace oil methyl ester (CPME), as published. Revised with experimental data, the following table is correct, guaranteeing perfect clarity for readers.

Below is the updated Table 4.

Table 4. FAME composition of Calophyllym inophyllum Methyl ester (CIME), Palm Oil Methyl Ester (POME), and Calophyllum inophyllum–palm oil methyl ester (CPME).

Fatty Acid	CIME (wt.%)	POME (wt.%)	CPME (wt.%)
Lauric acid	14.47	1.06	0.98
Myristic acid	0.5	10.24	5.32
Palmitic acid	15.39	56.28	52.94
Palmitoleic acid	0.5	0.6	0.75
Stearic acid	11.86	24	29.33
Oleic acid	36.64	1.47	0.15
Linoleic acid	10.247	3.24	5.85
Linolenic acid	3.21	1.47	0.85
Arachidic acid	6.25	0.9	3.76

Table 4. FAME composition of Calophyllym inophyllum Methyl ester (CIME), Palm Oil Methyl Ester (POME), and Calophyllum inophyllum–palm oil methyl ester (CPME).

Fatty Acid	CIME (wt.%)	POME (wt.%)	CPME (wt.%)
Lauric acid	14.47	1.06	0.98
Myristic acid	0.5	10.24	5.32
Palmitic acid	15.39	56.28	52.94
Palmitoleic acid	0.5	0.6	0.75
Stearic acid	11.86	24	29.33
Oleic acid	36.64	1.47	0.15
Linoleic acid	10.247	3.24	5.85
Linolenic acid	3.21	1.47	0.85
Arachidic acid	6.25	0.9	3.76

Error in Figure

The original publication [1] contained an error in the legend for Figure 1. The revised Figure 1 is presented below:

Figure 1. Changes in brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of diesel, CPME, and CIME blends with speeds.

Figure 1. Changes in brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of diesel, CPME, and CIME blends with speeds.

References

There was an error in the original publication [1]. A correction has been made to the Introduction, Material and Method, Result and Discussion section. The references [1–10,13,14,18,20,22,25,36,39] have also been replace as below.

The replaced references are the following:

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A correction has been made to the Results and Discussion section. The references [16,41,44] has been remove because they are not related to the text.

The deleted references are the following:

16

Chia, S.R.; Ong, H.C.; Chew, K.W.; Show, P.L.; Phang, S.-M.; Ling, T.C.; Nagarajan, D.; Lee, D.-J.; Chang, J.-S. Sustainable approaches for algae utilisation in bioenergy production. Renew. Energy 2018, 129, 838–852.

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44

Kalam, M.A.; Masjuki, H.H.; Jayed, M.H.; Liaquat, A.M. Emission and performance characteristics of an indirect ignition diesel engine fuelled with waste cooking oil. Energy 2011, 36, 397–402.

A correction has been made to the References section. The following references have been added:

12

Ong, H.C.; Mahlia, T.M.I.; Masjuki, H.H.; Honnery, D. Life cycle cost and sensitivity analysis of palm biodiesel production. Fuel 2012, 98, 131–139.

19

Focke, W.W.; Westhuizen, I.v.d.; Grobler, A.B.L.; Nshoane, K.T.; Reddy, J.K.; Luyt, A.S. The effect of synthetic antioxidants on the oxidative stability of biodiesel. Fuel 2012, 94, 227–233.

28

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29

Yunus Khan, T.M.; Atabani, A.E.; Badruddin, I.A.; Ankalgi, R.F.; Mainuddin Khan, T.K.; Badarudin, A. Ceiba pentandra, Nigella sativa and their blend as prospective feedstocks for biodiesel. Ind. Crop Prod. 2015, 65, 367–373.

37

Lopes, S.; Geng, P. Estimation of Elemental Composition of Diesel Fuel Containing Biodiesel. SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 2013, 6, 668–676.

Due to this correction, the order of some references has been adjusted accordingly.

The authors state that the scientific conclusions are unaffected. This correction was approved by the Academic Editor. The original publication has also been updated.