Advancing Sustainable Electrical Energy Technologies: A Multifaceted Approach Towards SDG Achievement

The transition to a sustainable energy future is a complex yet essential global challenge, necessitating advancements in technology, supportive policy frameworks, and societal shifts. This special issue of Processes (ISSN: 2227-9717), titled “Recent Advances in Sustainable Electrical Energy Technologies,” provides a comprehensive exploration of cutting-edge research and innovative solutions contributing to the realization of this vision. The featured articles [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9] collectively address key Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy), SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure), SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), and SDG 13 (Climate Action).

One of the critical themes in this issue is the optimization and integration of renewable energy technologies. For instance, a study leveraging Gaussian Process Regression with Bayesian hyperparameter tuning demonstrates significant improvements in photovoltaic (PV) power forecasting accuracy, which is pivotal for maintaining grid stability in solar energy systems [1]. Similarly, the development of a novel Atomic Orbital Search algorithm enhances Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) in partially shaded PV installations, thereby maximizing energy yield and supporting efficient solar energy harvesting [2].

The integration of wind energy into modern power systems is another focal area, as highlighted by research on hybrid multi-terminal high-voltage direct current (MTDC) systems for offshore wind farms. This study offers novel dynamic coordination control methods to enhance grid stability and facilitate renewable energy integration [4]. Advances in Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems also underscore their potential for energy efficiency, with studies presenting innovative optimization methods for variable load control and the economic dispatch of CHP units integrated with wind power [6,7].

The oscillating-water-column wave energy converters (OWC-WECs) are a promising renewable energy source, but their irregular wave input can lead to unstable power generation. This research [5] contributes to SDG 7 by developing a deep-learning based method to improve power generation stability in OWC-WECs. The proposed method compensates for time delays in the system, allowing for more consistent power generation and potentially increasing annual energy output. This advancement could contribute to a more reliable and efficient utilization of wave energy as a renewable energy source.

Energy storage and grid modernization are critical enablers of a renewable energy transition. Research on thermal safety in silicon-based lithium-ion batteries addresses crucial safety concerns, enhancing the reliability of energy storage systems [9]. Meanwhile, emerging studies on game-theoretic approaches for electric vehicle (EV) charging optimization provide pathways to minimize grid demand while supporting the growth of sustainable transportation [8].

This issue also emphasizes the broader environmental and social impacts of renewable energy projects. For instance, a study on renewable energy deployment in Jordan quantifies its role in climate stabilization and water consumption minimization, offering actionable insights for policymakers [3]. Collectively, these contributions illuminate a path toward a resilient and sustainable energy future, addressing both technical challenges and socio-economic imperatives.

1. Renewable Energy Technologies and Climate Action

• Photovoltaic (PV) Power Forecasting: Accurate and reliable PV power forecasting is crucial for grid stability, and the efficient integration of solar energy into the power system. The study by [1] utilizes Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) with Bayesian hyperparameter tuning to enhance short-term PV power predictions. By improving forecasting accuracy, this research contributes to the reliable and stable operation of grid systems with high penetrations of solar PV, thereby supporting SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) and SDG 13 (Climate Action).
• Solar PV Power Optimization: Efficient solar energy harvesting is paramount for maximizing its contribution to renewable energy generation. The study by [2] introduces a novel Atomic Orbital Search algorithm for Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) in partially shaded PV systems. By enhancing MPPT efficiency, this research contributes to maximizing energy yield from solar PV installations, thereby supporting SDG 7 and SDG 13.
• Wind Energy Integration and Grid Stability: The integration of large-scale wind farms into the grid presents challenges related to grid stability and frequency regulation. The study by [4] investigates a dynamic coordination control technique for integrating offshore wind farms (OWFs) using a hybrid multi-terminal high-voltage direct current (MTDC) system. By enhancing grid stability and enabling the seamless integration of renewable energy sources, this research contributes to SDG 7 and SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure).
• Oscillating Water Column Wave Energy Converters (OWC-WECs): OWC-WECs represent a viable technology for harnessing renewable energy from ocean waves. However, the inherent irregularity of wave inputs poses challenges for achieving stable and reliable power generation. The study [5] addresses this limitation by advancing SDG 7 through the development of a deep learning-based control methodology to enhance power output stability in OWC-WECs.

2. Energy Efficiency and Sustainable Development

• CHP Unit Optimization: Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems offer significant potential for energy efficiency by cogenerating both electricity and heat. The study by [6] proposes a novel method for optimizing CHP unit variable load control, enhancing operational efficiency and reducing energy losses. By improving the efficiency of energy utilization, this research contributes to SDG 7 and SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities).
• CHP-ED with Wind Integration: This study by [7] investigates the impact of wind power integration on CHP economic dispatch (CHP-ED), analyzing the feasible operating regions and the impact of valve point loading on CHP plants. The findings demonstrate that integrating wind power can significantly reduce operational costs, highlighting the potential of integrating renewable energy sources to enhance the economic viability of CHP systems and contribute to SDG 7.

3. Energy Storage and Grid Modernization

• Battery Thermal Safety: The safe and reliable operation of energy storage systems is crucial for grid stability and the widespread adoption of renewable energy technologies. The study by [9] investigates the thermal safety of silicon-based anode lithium-ion batteries by incorporating silane polymer compounds as electrolyte additives. By enhancing battery safety, this research contributes to the development of more reliable and robust energy storage systems, supporting SDG 7 and SDG 9.

4. Addressing Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability

• Renewable Energy Role in Climate Stabilization: The study by [3] examines the role of renewable energy projects, specifically wind and solar power, in mitigating climate change and reducing water consumption in Jordan. By quantifying the environmental benefits of renewable energy deployment, this research provides valuable insights for policymakers and energy planners in developing strategies to address climate change and water scarcity, contributing to SDG 13 and SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation).

5. Enhancing Energy Access and Affordability

• EV Charging Optimization: The increasing penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) necessitates the development of efficient and equitable charging infrastructure. The study by [8] proposes a game-theoretic approach for prioritizing EV charging to minimize grid load demand. By optimizing EV charging schedules, this research contributes to the development of more sustainable and equitable transportation systems, supporting SDG 7 and SDG 9.

6. Summation

The articles presented in this Special Issue demonstrate the significant progress being made in developing and deploying sustainable electrical energy technologies. These advancements have the potential to contribute significantly to the achievement of several SDGs, including the following:

• SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy): By promoting the widespread adoption of renewable energy sources, improving energy efficiency, and enhancing grid stability.
• SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure): By fostering technological innovation, developing robust infrastructure for renewable energy integration, and supporting the growth of sustainable industries.
• SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities): By promoting the development of sustainable urban environments with efficient energy systems.
• SDG 13 (Climate Action): By mitigating climate change through the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from the energy sector.

The findings presented in these articles [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9] of this Special Issue offer valuable insights for researchers, policymakers, and industry professionals in the pursuit of a sustainable energy future. Continued research and development in these areas are crucial for addressing the global energy challenges and achieving the ambitious goals outlined in the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

7. Sustainable Electrical Energy Technologies: Progress, Challenges, and Future Directions

While the presented articles offer valuable insights into various aspects of sustainable electrical energy technologies, several key challenges and future research directions remain. One critical area for future research is the development of more robust and resilient grid infrastructure to accommodate the increasing penetration of variable renewable energy sources. This includes advancements in grid modernization technologies such as smart grids [10,11], microgrids [12,13], and energy storage systems [14,15]. Furthermore, research on advanced grid control and optimization algorithms is crucial for ensuring grid stability and reliability in the face of fluctuating renewable energy generation.

Another crucial area for future research is the development of more efficient and cost-effective energy storage technologies. While significant progress has been made in battery technology, further advancements are needed to improve energy density, reduce costs, and enhance the lifespan of energy storage systems. Research on emerging technologies such as flow batteries, supercapacitors, and hydrogen storage systems also warrants further investigation [16,17].

Future research should focus on developing advanced algorithms for optimal charging and discharging strategies for electric vehicles (EVs) to effectively integrate them into the grid while minimizing grid congestion and maximizing renewable energy utilization. This includes investigating vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technologies, where EVs can feed excess energy back into the grid during periods of peak demand [18]. Furthermore, research on the development of decentralized control architectures for managing large fleets of EVs is crucial for ensuring grid stability and maximizing the benefits of EV integration [19]. Exploring the potential of artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques for predicting and optimizing EV charging patterns will also be essential for achieving a seamless and efficient integration of e-mobility into the future energy landscape [20].

Finally, addressing the social and economic implications of the energy transition is crucial for ensuring a just and equitable transition. This includes research on the social and economic impacts of renewable energy deployment, the development of equitable policies for energy access and affordability, and the creation of a skilled workforce for the emerging renewable energy sector. By addressing these challenges and pursuing further research in these critical areas, we can accelerate the transition to a sustainable and resilient energy future.

The journal Processes (ISSN: 2227-9717) invites submissions for the second edition of the special issue [21], dedicated to advancing sustainable electrical energy technologies. Key themes include resilient grid infrastructure for renewable energy integration, innovations in energy storage, and optimized strategies for electric vehicle-grid interaction. The issue also seeks studies on the socio-economic aspects of energy transition, focusing on equitable policies and workforce development. Contributions addressing these challenges will support the development of sustainable and resilient energy systems.