Upgrading Sustainable Pipeline Monitoring with Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (a)
- The integration of the PPA-1001 piezoelectric sensor with the LTC-3588 energy harvesting power supply, optimizing energy capture across a wide range of pipeline vibrations;
- (b)
- The use of the STM32F103C8T6 microcontroller for intelligent power management, enhancing the system’s efficiency;
- (c)
- Development of a custom data logging application for real-time visualization and analysis of both the harvested energy and the pipeline’s conditions;
- (d)
- Demonstrating robust performance across a specific frequency range (10–50 Hz) and temperature range (40–50 °C), making it more adaptable to the real-world conditions of pipelines.
2. Methodology
2.1. Structure of the System
2.2. Hardware Design
2.3. Working Mechanism
3. Results
3.1. Results of Data Logging and Analysis via Graphical Interface
- -
- These set the acceleration range (e.g., ±2 g to ±16 g), the output data rate (100 Hz to 3200 Hz), and the resolution (e.g., 10-bit or 13-bit). Initialization, configuration, live plot, and saving settings are available.
- -
- This manages the sensors’ connections via COM ports, start/stop data logging, saving data in different formats, and configuring the file names.
- -
- This selects the axes (x, y, z) to be displayed, and sets the buffer size for processing the data.
- -
- This enables a live data display, plots data in real time, performs FFT analysis, and controls the update rate and number of data points for visualization.
3.2. Time-Domain Analysis
3.3. Frequency-Domain Analysis
3.4. Temperature Analysis
3.5. Voltage and Output Power Acquired from the Sensor
4. Discussion
- The experimental results of the piezoelectric energy harvesting system exhibited its great effectiveness in collecting pipelines’ vibration energy. The time-domain evaluation suggested that the voltage generated with the aid of the piezoelectric sensor would stay stable through the years, making sure non-stop and dependable powering of linked IoT devices. This stability is critical to maintaining the operation of self-powered devices, particularly in environments in which pipeline vibration is a consistent element. The frequency-domain analysis also showed that the device was optimized to utilize electricity within a specific frequency range that coincided with the natural vibrational frequency of the pipeline, confirming the efficiency of the system’s design in real-world applications. In addition, the evaluation of temperature showed that the system maintained its performance under extreme temperature conditions, which is important for use in different environments. The generator’s potential to operate effectively in an extensive variety of thermal situations contributes to its robustness and makes it appropriate for monitoring pipelines in numerous climates. In addition, the voltage output discovered in the experiments confirmed a correlation between the amplitude of the vibration and the energy generated. This correlation highlights the system’s ability to adequately power IoT devices, especially in conditions wherein pipelines are subject to strong vibrations.
- The results verified the effectiveness of the piezoelectric electricity harvesting system in harnessing pipelines’ vibration energy and offering a sustainable electricity supply for IoT devices. The device’s adaptability to extreme frequency and temperature situations suggested its capacity for widespread application within the field of pipeline monitoring and may help enhance the safety and performance of industrial procedures.
- This study’s findings on the optimal frequency range for energy harvesting (10–50 Hz) aligned with the work of Rahman et al. [12], who reported efficient energy harvesting from pipeline vibrations across a similar frequency range. However, the system demonstrates improved performance at 30 Hz, which could be attributed to the unique combination of the PPA-1001 sensor and the LTC-3588 power supply.
- The temperature stability of the system (40–50 °C) compared favorably with the findings of Yazawa et al. [4], who reported efficient thermoelectric energy harvesting from pipelines at higher temperatures. The piezoelectric approach offers the advantage of operating effectively at lower, more common pipeline temperatures.
- The power output of 2.18 mW achieved by the system at 3.3 V represents a significant improvement over the 13.8 µW reported by Bakhtiar and Khan [7] for their pulsating fluid flow energy harvester. This increased power output enhanced the potential for powering a wider range of IoT devices in pipeline monitoring applications.
- The system’s ability to maintain stable performance across temperature variations addressed a key challenge identified by Shen et al. [1] in their work on wireless sensor systems for monitoring oil pipelines. This stability is crucial for ensuring reliable long-term operation in varying environmental conditions.
- Site assessment: prior to installation, a comprehensive evaluation of the pipeline’s vibration traits was carried out using accelerometers to find out the most appropriate placement locations for maximum power harvesting.
- Installation: the PPA-1001 piezoelectric sensor was securely fixed to the pipeline’s floor with a specialized adhesive that guaranteed the transmission of real vibrations whilst withstanding environmental situations. The sensor was orientated to align with the dominant axis of vibration diagnosed at an earlier stage in the online assessment.
- Power management setup: The LTC-3588 power harvesting electricity supply and battery charging module were housed in a weatherproof enclosure close to the sensor. This setup included surge protection and voltage regulation components to ensure secure transport of electricity to the IoT devices.
- Integration of the microcontroller and sensors: The STM32F103C8T6 microcontroller, ADXL345 accelerometer, and LM35 temperature sensor were integrated completely in a compact, low-power circuit board. This board was also contained within a weatherproof enclosure.
- Data logging system: The custom information logging device was connected to a nearby low-power PC or transmitted to a cloud-based system for remote monitoring. This system was configured to provide real-time visualization of the records and indicatorsm primarily based on predefined thresholds.
- Calibration and testing: post-setup, a series of calibration tests was conducted to ensure correct data collection and the most efficient energy harvesting. This consisted of verifying the device’s overall performance across the anticipated range of the pipelines’ working conditions.
- Maintenance protocol: A routine maintenance agenda was set up, together with periodic cleaning of the sensors’ surface, checking of the electric connections, and recalibration of the sensors to ensure certain long-term reliability.
5. Conclusions
- Optimal energy harvesting: the system efficiently harvested energy in the 10–50 Hz frequency range, with peak performance at 30 Hz, generating a maximum voltage of 3.3 V and a power output of 2.18 mW.
- Temperature resilience: stable performance was maintained across a temperature range of 40–50 °C, showcasing the system’s robustness in varying environmental conditions.
- Real-time monitoring capability: The integration of the ADXL345 accelerometer and the LM35 temperature sensor, coupled with the custom data logging application, enabled comprehensive real-time pipeline monitoring.
- Energy storage solutions: The incorporation of a battery charging module allowed for energy storage, ensuring continuous operation during periods of low vibration.
- Practical deployment: The system demonstrated potential for real-world applications, offering a sustainable power solution for remote pipeline monitoring that would reduce reliance on traditional power sources.
- Field studies: extending field trials to assess the system’s durability and performance in different pipeline environments;
- Optimization of energy harvesting: investigating advanced materials and designs to enhance the efficiency of energy conversion;
- Scalability and IoT integration: exploring scalability for larger networks and standardizing protocols for seamless IoT integration.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mahdi, Z.K.; Abbas, R.A.; Al-Taleb, M.K.H.; Ali, A.H.; Mohamed, E.M. Upgrading Sustainable Pipeline Monitoring with Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting. Processes 2024, 12, 2199. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12102199
Mahdi ZK, Abbas RA, Al-Taleb MKH, Ali AH, Mohamed EM. Upgrading Sustainable Pipeline Monitoring with Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting. Processes. 2024; 12(10):2199. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12102199
Chicago/Turabian StyleMahdi, Zainab Kamal, Riyadh A. Abbas, Manaf K. Hussain Al-Taleb, Adnan Hussein Ali, and Esam M. Mohamed. 2024. "Upgrading Sustainable Pipeline Monitoring with Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting" Processes 12, no. 10: 2199. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12102199
APA StyleMahdi, Z. K., Abbas, R. A., Al-Taleb, M. K. H., Ali, A. H., & Mohamed, E. M. (2024). Upgrading Sustainable Pipeline Monitoring with Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting. Processes, 12(10), 2199. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12102199