Research Status and Development Trend of Cylindrical Gas Film Seals for Aeroengines
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Comparison of the Characteristics of Different Gas Sealing Forms
2.1. Labyrinth Seal
2.2. Brush Seal
- (1)
- In the flow, friction, deformation of the brush seal, in addition to the study of the leakage flow characteristics and mechanical properties of the brush seal, should also be considered in a comprehensive manner, such as the deformation of the brush filament and other fluid–solid coupling effects.
- (2)
- In terms of the friction heat effect and heat transfer characteristics of the brush seal, it is necessary to study the brush seal in depth using experimental measurements and numerical simulations, to find out the influence laws of the geometrical structural parameters and effect of the operating conditions on the friction heat effect and heat transfer characteristics, and to improve the structure of the brush seal to avoid, as far as possible, the high temperature of the brush wire of the brush seal when it is in operation.
- (3)
- In the study of dynamic characteristics of the brush seal rotor, based on the experimental study of the dynamic characteristics of the brush seal rotor, develop a fast and accurate numerical prediction method for evaluating the dynamic characteristics of the brush seal rotor.
- (4)
- In the structural design of the brush seal, based on the leakage control mechanism of the brush seal, the friction and heat transfer mechanism, and the contact force and the deformation mechanism of the brush filaments, reduce the unfavorable effects of the brush filament abrasion, friction, and heat effects between the brush filaments and the rotor and the hysteresis effects on the sealing performance through the improvement of the structure and form of the brush seal.
2.3. Honeycomb Seal
2.4. Gas Film Face Seal
3. Cylindrical Gas Film Seal Structure Type and Working Principle
3.1. Structural Characteristics and Groove Structure of Cylindrical Gas Film Seal
3.2. Working Principle of Cylindrical Gas Film Seal
4. Overview of the Development of a Typical Cylindrical Gas Film Seal Structure
- (1)
- From the overall system structure, through the design of the relevant elastic parts or floating parts, so that the system can have enough compliant support, this compliant support structure can absorb the vibration displacement of the rotor system, through the system’s being adaptive to ensure that there is enough gas film thickness, so that the gas film sealing maintains a non-contact state.
- (2)
- The structural form design should be fully considered, with an adaptive large compliant support structure form that should be easy to quantitatively design and undergo structural analysis.
4.1. Compliant Shaft Cylindrical Gas Film Seal Structure
4.2. Compliant Foil Cylindrical Gas Film Seal Structures
4.3. Leaf and Wafer Seals
4.4. Other New Cylindrical Gas Film Seal Structures and Concepts
5. Research Methodology for Cylindrical Gas Film Seals
5.1. Main Research Methods
- (1)
- By establishing the geometric model of the cylindrical gas film seal, dividing the mesh, and simulating the flow field of the cylindrical gas film seal by using a finite element analysis software such as Fluent, the pressure distribution of the gas film on the sealing surface is derived, and then the performance changes of the seal structure and other aspects are investigated.
- (2)
- According to the operating conditions and assumptions of the seal, it is possible to establish an appropriate Reynolds equation [126], using the finite difference method, finite element method, analytical method, etc., to solve the calculation, to obtain the pressure distribution on the sealing surface, and then obtain the working condition parameters, structural parameters, etc., of the steady-state performance of the cylindrical gas film seal of the influence of the law. Similarly, it is possible, after perturbation of the Reynolds equation, to set up the solution to obtain the seal dynamic performance change rule.
- (1)
- The system of variational equations is composed of a steady-state equation and four mutually coupled perturbed linear equations, which must be solved by association, and the dynamic pressure in each perturbed equation is related to the perturbed frequency, which needs to be associated with the perturbed equations of motion of the sealing ring, and then solved by a numerical iteration method.
- (2)
- The solution domain is divided into triangular cells, the cells and nodes are numbered sequentially, and the nodes to be solved are numbered preferentially; the number of boundary nodes is recorded first and then introduced point by point according to the boundary conditions; according to the structural form of the sealing interface, attention is paid to the slots and platforms boundaries falling on the boundaries of the cell mesh.
5.2. Establishment and Solution of the Reynolds Equation
- (1)
- The gas lubrication is a Newtonian fluid, the effect of volume forces is neglected, and there is no sliding of the fluid on the solid interface.
- (2)
- In the direction along the thickness of the lubricating film, the change of pressure is not counted.
- (3)
- Neglect the change of velocity direction caused by the surface curvature.
- (4)
- The flow state is laminar, ignoring the effect of inertial force.
6. Progress in the Study of Stability, Dynamic Performance, and Multi-Physics Field Coupling of Cylindrical Gas Film Seal
6.1. Steady-State Performance Analysis of Cylindrical Gas Film Seals
6.2. Dynamic Characterization of Cylindrical Gas Film Seal
6.3. Multi-Physics Field Coupling and Structural Deformation Study of Cylindrical Gas Film Seals
6.4. Research on the Test and Processing Technology of Cylindrical Gas Film Sealing
7. Conclusions
Problems in the Study of Cylindrical Gas Film Seals and the Future Direction of Development
- (1)
- Along with the rapid development of industrial technology, aeroengines and other rotating machinery and equipment have put forward higher requirements for the sealing technology and sealing structure. Compared with the traditional labyrinth sealing, brush sealing, cellular sealing, and other aeroengine sealing technologies, gas film sealing, as a kind of non-contact sealing form with low leakage, low wear and tear, long service life, etc., has demonstrated great potential in the development of the aeroengine sealing technology. Since the concept of a gas film seal was put forward, through the continuous efforts of researchers, the end-face gas film seal has been successfully applied in all kinds of rotating machinery; however, the static “three highs” of the aeroengine and the dynamic strong vibration of the harsh conditions limit the engineering application of the gas film face seal, due to the large compliant structure of the cylindrical gas film seal, with a large axial degree of freedom, which can effectively reduce the friction and wear of the sealing structure due to the tilting of the rotor, and it has a very good prospect for application in the field of aeroengine sealing technology.
- (2)
- The compliant support structure of the cylindrical gas film seal is an important part of the sealing technology. Researchers have introduced compliant shafts, compliant foils, thin leaf plates, thin-walled beams, and other large compliant parts to increase the axial degree of freedom of the cylindrical sealing structure and to resist rotor vibration and inhomogeneous thermal deformation under the harsh conditions of aeroengines. Researchers proposed a new series of cylindrical gas film seal structures with a new form for solving the existing problems of aeroengine gas film seal structure ideas, but most of the compliant structures have quantitative design processing and manufacturing difficulties and other problems, so for the compliant support structure material selection and structure design, the gas film seal research needs to focus on the consideration.
- (3)
- Cylindrical gas film seal technology has been developed for decades, and researchers have made a lot of contributions to the structural design of cylindrical gas film seals. The existing research basis is mainly carried out based on the influence of steady-state performance, while the structural design method mostly adopts the control variable method and trial-and-error method, and less consideration is given to the multidimensional optimization algorithm and overall topology optimization. An aeroengine in actual operation needs to consider the dynamic characteristics, self-excited vibration of the gas film, and stability and other issues, so the design quantization of the cylindrical gas film seal structure needs a complete set of structural design theories.
- (4)
- Regarding the research on the steady dynamic performance and structural mechanism of the cylindrical gas film seal, with the deepening of the understanding of the sealing technology, the research on the dynamics of the gas film seal has been extended to include the unsteady-state dynamics, the linear dynamics of small perturbations, and the nonlinear dynamics and other aspects.
- (5)
- Due to the mutual influence of the pressure distribution, deformation, and temperature distribution in the gap of the sealing structure, it is crucial to analyze the heat–fluid–solid multi-physical field coupling of the gas film sealing structure. In the structural mechanism and multi-physical field coupling study of the gas film seal, based on the field synergy under the cylindrical seal behavior, research and performance prediction will be the focus of future research, the development of an aeroengine seal-specific multi-physical field coupling calculation method, in-depth understanding of the sealing structure and the working principle, to enhance the sealing structure of the independent design of innovation are the urgent needs of the field of cylindrical sealing technology.
- (6)
- With the deepening of sealing technology research for aviation engines, the continuous updating of sensors and the increasing accuracy of transmitters, coupled with the rapid development of computer-aided testing technology, the gas sealing test and testing technology is becoming more mature, in the future, seal test and evaluation based on an advanced and composite sensing technology will be the new direction, and sealing based on the new principles, new materials, and new structural innovations in the design of the seal will also shine.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
R | outer radius of the sleeve, m |
θ | circumferential direction coordinate, rad |
p | lubrication film pressure, Pa |
h | thickness of the lubrication film, m |
μg | the viscosity of the lubrication gas, N.s/m2 |
T | temperature of the lubrication gas, °C |
z | axial coordinate, m |
ω | angular speed of the rotating shaft rotation, rad/s |
t | running time, s |
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Jiang, H.; Yu, S.; Wang, S.; Ding, X.; Jiang, A. Research Status and Development Trend of Cylindrical Gas Film Seals for Aeroengines. Processes 2024, 12, 69. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12010069
Jiang H, Yu S, Wang S, Ding X, Jiang A. Research Status and Development Trend of Cylindrical Gas Film Seals for Aeroengines. Processes. 2024; 12(1):69. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12010069
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiang, Haitao, Shurong Yu, Shengshun Wang, Xuexing Ding, and Andi Jiang. 2024. "Research Status and Development Trend of Cylindrical Gas Film Seals for Aeroengines" Processes 12, no. 1: 69. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12010069
APA StyleJiang, H., Yu, S., Wang, S., Ding, X., & Jiang, A. (2024). Research Status and Development Trend of Cylindrical Gas Film Seals for Aeroengines. Processes, 12(1), 69. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12010069