Integration of Decay Time Analysis and Radiation Measurement for Quantum-Dot-Based Scintillator’s Characterization
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Analysis
2.2. Fabrication of a Liquid Scintillator
2.3. Set-Up of the TCSPC System and Radiation Measurement System
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Liquid Scintillator
3.2. TCSPC Analysis and Radiation Measurement
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Component | Model No. | Company |
---|---|---|
Laser | Brilliant B | Quantel |
Dichroic Mirror −532 nm | - | KEOC |
Dichroic Mirror −355 nm | - | KEOC |
Iris diaphragm | - | THORLABS |
Band pass filter | FL355–10 | THORLABS |
PMT (for TCSPC) | R928 | Hamamatsu Photonics |
High Voltage Power Supply | PS325/2500 V−25 W | Stanford Research Systems |
Oscilloscope | DS6104 | RIGOL |
PMT (for radiation measurement) | ET−9266KB | ET-Enterprises Ltd. |
Preamplifier | Amcrys 544 | Amcrys |
Amplifier | CAEN DT5781 | CAEN |
MCA | CAEN DT5781 | CAEN |
τ1 (ns) | τ2 (ns) | τavg (ns) | χ2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Base | 2.18 | - | 2.18 | 1.66 |
CZO-loaded liquid scintillator | 11.47 | 12.43 | 11.95 | 1.17 |
No. | Materials | Decay Time (ns) | Method | Refs. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Decay Time Analysis | Radiation Measurement | ||||
1 | BGO (Bi4Ge3O12) | 300 | Decay time is not analyzed | -This is a research case comparing the performance of NaI (Tl) and CsI (Tl), and its intended resolution and efficiency by adjusting HV, timing, and gain, among others. -Photopeak analysis was performed using Cs-137, Co-60, and Ba-133 sources. | [28] |
2 | CsI (Tl) | 900 | |||
3 | NaI (Tl) | 230 | |||
4 | Typical Plastic | 2~2.5 | |||
5 | GAGG:Ce | 203 | Using X-ray and 511 keV excitation | No detection properties were performed | [29] |
6 | GAGG:Ce:Mg | 124 | |||
7 | LuAG:Ce | 940.5 | |||
8 | LuAG:Ce:Mg | 358 | |||
9 | YAG:Ce | 271 | |||
10 | YAG:Ce:Mg | 92.5 | |||
11 | LuAG:Pr | 473 | |||
12 | Plastic (Styrene + PPO + CdSe/ZnS) | 6.9 | Using Cs-137 (661 keV) gamma ray source | No detection properties were performed | [30] |
13 | Plasitc (PVK + bis-MSB + 0 wt% BiPh3) | 6.9 | Using a flashlamp-pumped 266 nm Nd/YAG laser | Observe the pulse height spectra of a scintillation detector equipped with a PVK-based plastic scintillator with different bis-MSB contents at 67.41 keV X-ray | [31] |
14 | Plasitc (PVK + bis-MSB + 5 wt% BiPh3) | 5.3 | |||
15 | Plasitc (PVK + bis-MSB + 10 wt% BiPh3) | 5.1 | |||
16 | Plasitc (PVK + bis-MSB + 15 wt% BiPh3) | 4.2 | |||
17 | Graphene quantum dot | 2~6 | Using pulsed laser diode (excited at 375 nm) | No detection properties were performed | [32] |
18 | CdSe/ZnS | 14 | Using picosecond laser diode 375 nm (NanoLED 375 L) | No detection properties were performed | [33] |
19 | Au nanocrystal | 7 | Using pulsed laser diode (excited at ~460 nm) | No detection properties were performed | [34] |
20 | CdSe/Zn QD | 9.33 | Using pulsed nano LED (Delta LED) 340 nm | No detection properties were performed | [35] |
21 | CdSe/Zn-Au nanoparticle | 4.68 | |||
22 | Plastic (polystyrene + [BaFBr:Eu2+ or BaF2 or Gd2O3 or Gd2OS or CeO2 or Bi2O3]) | - | Decay time is not analyzed | This study evaluated the performance of alpha, beta, neutron, and gamma (Pu-238, C-14, Sr-90, Am-241, Ba-133, Cs-137, Am-Be) measurement by loading materials with high atomic numbers on plastic-based materials | [36] |
23 | Plastic (polystyrene + p-xylene + PPO + POPOP + BaFBr:Eu2+) | ~10 ns | F920 flash lamp (Excited at 290 nm) | This study evaluated the detection performance for alpha, beta, neutron, and gamma (Pu-238, C-14, Cl-36, Sr-90, Am-241, Cs-137, Am-Be) by BaFBr:Eu2+ contents | [37] |
24 | MOF-205 (Metal-organic frameworks scintillators) | 14.3 | Using pulsed laser diode (excited at 274 nm) and X-ray excitation | This study evaluated the detection properties for Cm-244, Co-60, Cl-36, Sr-90, and Am-241 sources | [38] |
25 | Plastic (PVT + PPO + DPA + TPB + Bismuth carboxylates) | - | Decay time is not analyzed | Gamma and neutron detection characteristics and PSD test were performed using Cs-137 and Cf-252 source | [39] |
26 | Plastic (PVT + PPO + DPA + TPB + Lithium carboxylates) | ||||
27 | Plastic (PVT + FBtF + BMEP + CZS (CdZnS)) | 7 (For 2% FBtF/PVT sample) | Using 10uCi Cs-137 (661 keV) gamma ray source | This is a case study in which detection characteristics were evaluated for Cs-137 gamma nuclide and photopeak was observed | [40] |
28 | Toluene + PPO + POPOP + Boron (Liquid scintillator) | - | Decay time is not analyzed | Gamma and neutron detection characteristics and PSD test were performed using Cs-137, Am-Be, and Pu-Be sources. | [41] |
29 | Perovskite (MAPbBr3) (liquid scintillator) | 58.8 | Using picosecond pulsed diode 365 nm | This study evaluated steady-state photoluminescence (PL) and X-ray excited PL spectra by excitation with 365 nm laser and X-ray (X-ray tube with Ag target, operating voltage 45 kV, current 0.2 mA), respectively | [42] |
30 | Perovskite (CsPbBr3) (liquid scintillator) | 44.2 | |||
31 | Toluene + Napthalene + PBD + POPOP + HfO2 (liquid scintillator) | 3.3 | Using Cs-137 (661 keV) gamma ray source | This is a case study in which detection characteristics were evaluated for Cs-137 gamma nuclide and photopeak was observed using a liquid scintillator | [27] |
32 | Toluene + PPO + POPOP + CZO (liquid scintillator) | 11.95 | Nd/YAG laser | In this study, Cs-137 gamma detection characteristics were evaluated using a liquid scintillator | This work |
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Min, S.; Ko, K.-H.; Seo, B.; Roh, C.; Hong, S. Integration of Decay Time Analysis and Radiation Measurement for Quantum-Dot-Based Scintillator’s Characterization. Processes 2022, 10, 1920. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10101920
Min S, Ko K-H, Seo B, Roh C, Hong S. Integration of Decay Time Analysis and Radiation Measurement for Quantum-Dot-Based Scintillator’s Characterization. Processes. 2022; 10(10):1920. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10101920
Chicago/Turabian StyleMin, Sujung, Kwang-Hoon Ko, Bumkyoung Seo, Changhyun Roh, and Sangbum Hong. 2022. "Integration of Decay Time Analysis and Radiation Measurement for Quantum-Dot-Based Scintillator’s Characterization" Processes 10, no. 10: 1920. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10101920