Should We Be Concerned about How Information Privacy Concerns Are Measured in Online Contexts? A Systematic Review of Survey Scale Development Studies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Background
3. Method
3.1. Procedure
3.1.1. Systematic Literature Search
3.1.2. Eligibility Criteria
3.1.3. Information Sources and Search Strategies
3.1.4. Study Selection
3.1.5. Data Extraction
3.1.6. Coding Instrument
3.1.7. The Coding Process and Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Study Selection
4.2. Descriptive Results
4.3. Research Questions
4.3.1. Conceptual Definitions in IPC Scales
4.3.2. Online Contexts and IPC Scales
4.3.3. Dimensionality of IPC Scales
4.3.4. The Methodological Quality of IPC Scale Development
Content Validity
Structural Validity, Internal Consistency, and Cross-Cultural Validity
Reliability and Criterion Validity
5. Discussion
5.1. Substantial Findings and Implications
5.2. Limitations and Future Research
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Data Source | Search Terms and Phrases |
---|---|
Web of Science (www.webofknowledge.com) (accessed on 22 September 2019) | TITLE: (privacy) AND TITLE: (concern*) AND TOPIC: (survey* OR measure* OR factor* OR development* OR instrument* OR question* OR questionnaire* OR dimension* OR scale*) AND TOPIC: (information* OR internet*) NOT TITLE: (secur*) AND LANGUAGE: (English) AND DOCUMENT TYPES: (Article OR Book OR Book Chapter OR Proceedings Paper) Timespan: 1996–2019. Indexes: SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI, A&HCI, CPCI-S, CPCI-SSH, BKCI-S, BKCI-SSH, ESCI, CCR-EXPANDED, and IC. |
SCOPUS (www.scopus.com) (accessed on 22 September 2019) | (TITLE (privacy) AND TITLE (concern*) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (survey* OR measure* OR factor* OR development* OR instrument* OR question* OR questionnaire* OR dimension* OR scale*) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (information* OR internet*) AND NOT TITLE (secur*) AND LANGUAGE (english*) AND PUBYEAR > 1995 AND PUBYEAR < 2020 AND (LIMIT-TO (DOCTYPE, “ar”) OR LIMIT-TO (DOCTYPE, “cp”) OR LIMIT-TO (DOCTYPE, “ch”)) |
DiKUL (https://plus-ul.si.cobiss.net/opac7/bib/search) (accessed on 22 September 2019) | TI privacy AND TI concern* AND (survey* OR measure* OR factor* OR development* OR instrument* OR question* OR questionnaire* OR dimension* OR scale*) AND (information* OR internet*) NOT TI secur* Limitations: Peer Reviewed, Date Published: 19960101–20191231, Language: English |
Label | Context | Contextual Group | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type of Individuals | Type of Personal Information 1 | Type of Entity Handling Personal Information 2 | Type of Technology/Service Contexts | ||
IPC-1 | Online consumers, Internet users | General/unspecified | General/unspecified | General Internet usage, ecommerce | General Internet usage |
IUIPC | Online consumers, Internet users | General/unspecified | Second and third parties, company/website | General Internet usage, ecommerce | Ecommerce |
OPC | Online consumers, Internet users | General/unspecified | Second, third, and fourth parties; company/website, other users | General Internet usage, ecommerce | General Internet usage |
CPCI | Online consumers, Internet users | General/unspecified | Second, third, and fourth parties; company/website | General Internet usage, ecommerce | General Internet usage |
ECWPC | Online consumers, Internet users | General/unspecified | Second, third, and fourth parties; company/website | General Internet usage, ecommerce | Ecommerce |
APCP | Online consumers, Internet users, bloggers/SNS users | General/unspecified | Second, third, and fourth parties; company/website, other users | General Internet usage, ecommerce, online/mobile services | General Internet usage |
APCP-18 | Internet users, bloggers/SNS users | General/unspecified | Second, third, and fourth parties; company/website; other users | General Internet usage, online/mobile services | General Internet usage |
UPCSNS | Internet users, bloggers/SNS users | General/unspecified | Second, third, and fourth parties; company/website; other users | Online/mobile services | SNSs |
MUCIP | Internet users, mobile services users | Location information, general/unspecified | Second, third, and fourth parties; company/website | General Internet usage, ecommerce, online/mobile services | Mobile Internet |
IPC-2 | Internet users | General/unspecified | Second, third, and fourth parties; company/website; government | General Internet usage | General Internet usage |
SMIPC | Internet users, bloggers/SNS users | General/unspecified | Second, third, and fourth parties; company/website; other users | Online/mobile services | SNSs |
SNS-IPC | Internet users, bloggers/SNS users | General/unspecified | Second, third, and fourth parties; company/website; other users | Online/mobile services | SNSs |
Amharic SNS-IPC | Internet users, bloggers/SNS users | General/unspecified | Second, third, and fourth parties; company/website; other users | Online/mobile services | SNSs |
Turkish OPCS | Online consumers, Internet users, bloggers/SNS users | General/unspecified | Second, third, and fourth parties; company/website | General Internet usage, ecommerce, online/mobile services | General Internet usage |
AIPC | Internet users, mobile services users | General/unspecified | Second and third parties, company/website | General Internet usage, online/mobile services | Mobile Internet |
SMSPC | Internet users, blogger/SNS users | General/unspecified | Second, third, and fourth parties; company/website; other users | Online/mobile services | SNSs |
Label | Number of Dimensions | (Ab)use | Collection | Access | Privacy Concerns | Control | Errors | Awareness | Personal Attitude | Requirements | Structure of the Measurement Model |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IPC-1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | First-order | |||||||
IUIPC | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Second-order | ||||||
CPCI | 2 | 1 | 1 | Second-order | |||||||
ECWPC | 2 | 1 | 1 | Second-order | |||||||
APCP | 4 | 4 | First-order | ||||||||
UPCSNS | 6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | First-order | |||
MUCIP | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Second-order | ||||||
IPC-2 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Third-order | |||
SMIPC 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Second-order | |||||
SNS-IPC | 5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Third-order | ||||
Amharic SNS-IPC | 5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Third-order | ||||
Turkish OPCS | 3 | 3 | First-order | ||||||||
AIPC | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | First-order | ||||||
SMSPC | 6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | First-order | |||
Total | 53 | 11 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 1 |
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Survey Scale | Abbreviation | Article | No. Items | Response Options | Response Scale | Number of Dimensions | Country | Language | Translation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Internet Privacy Concerns | IPC-1 | [32] | 14 | 1–5 | – | 2 | US | English | No |
Internet Users’ Information Privacy Concerns | IUIPC | [13] | 10 | 1–7 | Strongly disagree to strongly agree | 3 | US | English | No |
Online Privacy Concern | OPC | [8] | 16 | 1–5 | Not at all to very much | 1 | UK | English | No |
Customer Privacy Concern on the Internet | CPCI | [26] | 8 | 1–7 | – | 2 | Spain 1 | – | No |
E-commerce Website Privacy Concern | ECWPC | [26] | 4 | 1–5 | – | 2 | Spain 1 | – | No |
Adapted online Privacy Concern and Protection for use on the Internet | APCP | [33] | 17 | 1–5 | Not at all to very much | 4 | Germany | German | Yes |
Adapted online Privacy Concern and Protection for use on the Internet-18 | APCP-18 | [33] | 8 | 1–5 | Not at all to very much | 1 | Germany | German | Yes |
Users’ Privacy Concerns on Social Network Service | UPCSNS | [34] | 28 | 1–7 | Strongly disagree to strongly agree | 6 | China | – | No |
Mobile Users’ Concerns for Information Privacy | MUCIP | [35] | 9 | 1–7 | – | 3 | US | English | No |
Internet Privacy Concerns | IPC-2 | [9] | 18 | 1–7 | Strongly disagree to strongly agree | 6 | Hong Kong | – | No |
Social Media Users’ Information Privacy Concern | SMIPC | [20] | 14 | 1–5 | Strongly disagree to strongly agree | 3 | US | English | No |
Social Network Sites Internet Privacy Concerns | SNS-IPC | [36] | 15 | – | – | 5 | Ethiopia 1 | English | No |
Amharic Social Network Sites Internet Privacy Concerns | Amharic SNS-IPC | [36] | 15 | – | – | 5 | Ethiopia | Amharic | Yes |
Turkish Online Privacy Concern Scale | Turkish OPCS | [37] | 14 | 1–5 | Not at all to very much | 3 | Turkey | English, Turkish | Yes |
App Information Privacy Concerns | AIPC | [38] | 17 | 1–7, no opinion | Totally disagree to agree completely, no opinion | 3 | Germany | – | No |
Social Media Site Privacy Concerns | SMSPC | [10] | 18 | 1–7 | Completely disagree to completely agree | 6 | US | English | No |
Label | Definition 1 | Theory |
---|---|---|
IPC-1 | – | – |
IUIPC | The individual’s subjective views of fairness within the context of information privacy (adapted from Campbell [47]) | Social contract theory [44] |
OPC | The desire to keep personal information out of the hands of others (adapted from Westin [48]) (IPCs are subjective measures that vary among individuals.) | – |
CPCI | The Internet customers’ concern for controlling the acquisition and subsequent use of the information that is generated or acquired on the Internet about them (adapted from Westin [48]) | – |
ECWPC | – | |
APCP | – | – |
APCP-18 | – | – |
UPCSNS | Users’ ability or the right to control whether to disclose their personal information and the manner of disclosure | – |
MUCIP | The concerns of mobile users about possible loss of privacy because of information disclosure to a specific external agent | Communication privacy management theory [43] |
IPC-2 | The perception in a dyadic relationship between an individual and an online entity, which can either be a particular website or a category of websites, such as commercial websites | Multidimensional developmental theory [46] |
SMIPC | Concerns about loss of privacy because of the disclosure of personal information to known or unknown external agents, including other social media users, social media platforms, and third parties | Communication privacy management theory [43] |
SNS-IPC | Feelings or perceptions that SNS users have regarding privacy-related activities of SNSs and their members, who could infringe upon rights or ability to control these activities | – |
Amharic SNS-IPC | – | |
Turkish OPCS | – | – |
AIPC | The degree of an individual’s IPCs while using mobile services. IPCs refer to the anxiety, personal attitude, and requirements of individuals regarding the collection, usage, and processing of data gained by mobile apps. | Social contract theory [45] and communication privacy management theory [43] |
SMSPC | The degree to which an Internet user is concerned about website practices related to the collection and use of his/her personal information | – |
Label | Content Validity | Internal Validity | Remaining Measurement Properties | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
General Design Requirements [2] | Concept-Elicitation Study [3] | Cognitive Interview [4] | Comprehensibility [5] | Comprehensiveness [6] | Structural Validity [7] | Internal Consistency [8] | Cross-Cultural Validity [9] | Reliability [10] | Criterion Validity [11] | |
IPC-1 | IN | – | AD | IN | DF | AD | VG | – | – | – |
IUIPC | AD | DF | IN | – | – | VG | VG | – | – | VG |
OPC | IN | DF | IN | – | – | AD | VG | – | – | VG |
CPCI | IN | – | AD | DF | DF | VG | VG | – | – | VG |
ECWPC | IN | – | AD | DF | DF | AD | DF | – | – | – |
APCP | IN | DF | IN | – | – | VG | VG | – | – | – |
APCP-18 | IN | DF | IN | – | – | VG | VG | – | – | VG |
UPCSNS | IN | AD | IN | – | – | IN | VG | – | – | – |
MUCIP | VG | DF | AD | DF | DF | VG | VG | – | – | – |
IPC-2 | IN | – | AD | IN | DF | VG | VG | – | – | – |
SMIPC | IN | – | AD | DF | DF | VG | VG | – | – | – |
SNS-IPC | IN | – | IN | DF | DF | DF | VG | – | – | – |
Amharic SNS-IPC | IN | – | IN | DF | DF | DF | VG | – | – | – |
Turkish OPCS | IN | – | AD | DF | DF | VG | VG | – | – | VG |
AIPC | IN | – | IN | – | – | DF | VG | – | – | – |
SMSPC | IN | – | IN | – | – | AD | VG | – | – | – |
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Bartol, J.; Vehovar, V.; Petrovčič, A. Should We Be Concerned about How Information Privacy Concerns Are Measured in Online Contexts? A Systematic Review of Survey Scale Development Studies. Informatics 2021, 8, 31. https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics8020031
Bartol J, Vehovar V, Petrovčič A. Should We Be Concerned about How Information Privacy Concerns Are Measured in Online Contexts? A Systematic Review of Survey Scale Development Studies. Informatics. 2021; 8(2):31. https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics8020031
Chicago/Turabian StyleBartol, Jošt, Vasja Vehovar, and Andraž Petrovčič. 2021. "Should We Be Concerned about How Information Privacy Concerns Are Measured in Online Contexts? A Systematic Review of Survey Scale Development Studies" Informatics 8, no. 2: 31. https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics8020031