An Empirical Study on the Financial Preparation for Retirement of the Independent Workers for Profit in Poland
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review and Hypothesis Development
3. Methodology
4. Results
- H0: p1 = p2 (the percentage of independent workers for profit in Poland accumulating conventional retirement savings in the pillar III (p1) is the same as the percentage of independent workers for profit in Poland accumulating retirement savings within non-conventional solutions (p2), against the alternative hypothesis in the following form:
- H1: p1 < p2 the percentage of independent workers for profit in Poland accumulating conventional retirement savings in the pillar III (p1) is lower than the percentage of independent workers for profit in Poland accumulating retirement savings within non-conventional solutions (p2).
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
- Voluntary retirement savings are, for self-employed persons, a significant, although not the most important, way to supplement their future pension from the public pillar.
- The self-employed prefer non-conventional forms (outside pillar III) of accumulating voluntary savings dedicated to their retirement, and—among these forms—holding real property and investing in one’s own business are the most prevalent.
- Retirement savings from self-employment are affected by various demographic, economic, and social factors, and their impact varies.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
- If a pension provided by ZUS turned out to be insufficient, what would you do to achieve a desired standard of living (you can choose multiple answers):
- (a)
- I would use my own retirement savings
- (b)
- I would count on possible inheritance or donation
- (c)
- I would still continue professional activity
- (d)
- I would sell the assets of my own company (own business) or its part
- (e)
- I would count on the remuneration (or pension) of my spouse/life partner
- (f)
- I would take out a loan from the bank
- (g)
- I would consider letting a part of my flat; its sale; or the purchase of a smaller one in a different, cheaper location
- (h)
- I would expect emergency financial aid from immediate family/friends
- (i)
- I do not know, I have never thought about it
- (j)
- I find my pension from ZUS sufficient enough
- Please provide an indicative amount of retirement savings you currently hold excluding ZUS and OFE, i.e., accumulated in IKE, IKZE, or other investment instruments:
- no savings
- less than PLN 30,000 (EUR. 6.7 thousand)
- between PLN 30,000 and PLN 100,000 (between EUR 6.7 and 22.2 thousand)
- between PLN 100,000 and 200,000 (between EUR 22.2 and 44.5 thousand)
- between 200,000 PLN and 300,000 PLN (between EUR 44.5 and 66.7 thousand)
- more than PLN300,000 (more than EUR 66.7 thousand)
- In which particular financial instruments are your retirement savings deposited? (you can choose multiple answers):
- g.
- IKE, IKZE
- h.
- investment funds
- i.
- real property
- j.
- gold/works of art, etc.
- k.
- securities
- l.
- life insurance as an investment (life insurance with an insurance capital fund—UFK)
- m.
- bank deposits
- n.
- I invest in my company on a regular basis as I treat the development of my own business as a particular ‘pension scheme’
- o.
- I do not hold any voluntary retirement savings/investments
- (1)
- Gender:
- male
- female
- (2)
- Age:
- (3)
- Education:
- primary and vocational
- secondary
- higher
- (4)
- Marital status:
- single
- person in relationships
- others (widower, widow, divorced, or legally separated)
- (5)
- Family situation:
- persons without dependent children
- persons with dependent children
- (6)
- Type of business activity:
- own-account workers without employees
- employers in household market enterprises
- (7)
- PKD code classification:
- SECTION A—Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
- SECTION B—Mining and quarrying
- SECTION C—Manufacturing
- SECTION D—Electricity, gas, steam, and air conditioning supply
- SECTION E—Water supply, sewerage, waste management, and remediation activities
- SECTION F—Construction
- SECTION G—Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles
- SECTION H—Transportation and storage
- SECTION I—Accommodation and food service activities
- SECTION J—Information and communication
- SECTION K—Financial and insurance activities
- SECTION L—Real estate activities
- SECTION M—Professional, scientific, and technical activities
- SECTION N—Administrative and support service activities
- SECTION O—Public administration and defence, compulsory social security
- SECTION P—Education
- SECTION Q—Human health and social work activities
- SECTION R—Arts, entertainment, and recreation
- SECTION S—Other service activities
- SECTION T—Activities of households and employers, undifferentiated goods and services producing activities of households for own use
- SECTION U—Activities of extraterritorial organizations and bodies
- (8)
- Voivodship according to the seat of the business:
- dolnośląskie
- kujawsko-pomorskie
- lubelskie
- lubuskie
- łódzkie
- małopolskie
- mazowieckie
- opolskie
- podkarpackie
- podlaskie
- pomorskie
- śląskie
- świętokrzyskie
- warmińsko-mazurskie
- wielkopolskie
- zachodniopomorskie
- (9)
- Business activity run in years:
- up to 5
- over 5
- (10)
- Estimated monthly income from business activity in the year 2019:
- less than PLN 2500
- between PLN 2500 and PLN 4500
- between PLN 4500 and PLN 6500
- more than PLN 6500
- (11)
- Income share from business activity intotal income:
- the only income
- main income
- complementary income
- (12)
- Self-assessment of financial situation (tangible assets held-real properties and other goods
- bad
- average
- good
1 | Following the terminology of International Classification of Status in Employment of 2018 (ICSE-18), the term workers in employment for profit refers to persons who bear the economic risk related to the loss of funds or other resources due to self-employment. Moreover, they are persons independent of another person or an economic unit in terms of work organization and/or market access. Workers in employment for profit have been divided into two groups: employers in household market enterprises and own-account workers in household market enterprises (solo-self-employed). Employment for profit, unlike employment for pay (paid employment), is traditionally called self-employment (ILO 2018). |
2 | EUR 1 = PLN 4.4958 at the NBP mid-rate as of 21 May 2021 (NBP 2021). |
3 | In 2021, an average pension paid out by ZUS was a gross amount of PLN 2421.17 (approx. EUR 530), and an average pension of workers for profit was a gross amount 1950.61 PLN (approx. EUR 430) (GUS 2020a). |
4 | In most countries, pension schemes are based on three pillars: pillar I—public, regarded as basic; pillar II—private, regarded as additional one, based on active participation of employers (occupational pension plans); and pillar III—private, additional, based on individual foresight. |
5 | This is an official register of companies with the information on all the sole traders in Poland. |
6 | Odds ratio is defined as the probability ratio that a given event will occur to the probability that it does not occur (Field 2017). |
7 | The word strategy is a rather conventional term here, because it does not refer to written or formalized emergency financial plans but only to informal plans made by the self-employed. |
8 | 1 EUR = PLN 4.4958 at the NBP mid-rate as of 21 May 2021 (NBP 2021). |
9 | From a microeconomic perspective, the basic measure of the propensity to save is the saving rate, defined as the share of savings in the disposable income of households. On a macroeconomic scale, the ratio of household sector savings to GDP is often used as a measure of households' propensity to save. In empirical (comparative) studies, the propensity to save is often analyzed on the basis of the share of savers in a given population of respondents (Feng and Gerrans 2014; Pedroni and Rieskamp 2015; Cupák et al. 2019). In this study, the share of respondents declaring that they have retirement savings in the total number of respondents was adopted as a measure of the propensity to save. |
10 | According to GUS (Statistics Poland), in 2020, the average monthly remuneration in national economy was PLN 5 167.47 (annual—PLN 62 009.64), (GUS 2020d). |
11 | 1 EUR = PLN 4.4958 at the NBP mid-rate as of 21 May 2021 (NBP 2021). |
12 | Interestingly, the increase in revenues positively correlates with savings accumulated for old age security, and consumers with higher incomes have a more negative attitude towards ending their professional activity and retiring. |
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Variable | N = 1067 | %Age |
---|---|---|
Age | ||
under 35 | 166 | 15.6 |
between 36–50 | 468 | 43.9 |
over 50 | 433 | 40.6 |
Gender | ||
male | 719 | 67.4 |
female | 348 | 32.6 |
Education | ||
primary and vocational | 29 | 2.7 |
secondary | 171 | 16.0 |
higher | 867 | 81.3 |
Marital status | ||
singles | 284 | 26.6 |
persons in relationships | 743 | 69.6 |
others (widower, widow, divorced, or legally separated) | 40 | 3.8 |
Family situation | ||
persons without dependent children | 590 | 55.3 |
persons with dependent children | 477 | 44.7 |
Type of business activity in household market enterprises *: | ||
own-account workers without employees | 705 | 66.1 |
employers in household market enterprises | 362 | 33.9 |
Business activity in years | ||
up to 5 | 241 | 22.6 |
over 5 | 826 | 77.4 |
Share of revenues from business in total income of a household: | ||
the only income | 467 | 43.8 |
main income | 368 | 34.5 |
complementary income | 232 | 21.7 |
Estimated monthly revenues from business activity in the last year: | ||
below PLN 2500 (approx. EUR 550) | 164 | 15.4 |
between PLN 2500 and PLN 4500 (EUR 550 to 1000) | 194 | 18.2 |
between PLN 4500 and PLN 6500 (EUR 1000 to approx. EUR 1500) | 203 | 19.0 |
above PLN 6500 (over EUR 1500) | 506 | 47.4 |
Self-assessment of financial situation (tangible assets held-real properties and other goods | ||
bad | 126 | 11.8 |
average | 509 | 47.7 |
good | 432 | 40.5 |
Answers | N = 1067 | % |
---|---|---|
If a pension provided by ZUS turned out to be insufficient, what would you do to achieve a desired standard of living? | ||
I would use my own retirement savings | 632 | 59.2 |
I would count on possible inheritance or donation | 38 | 3.6 |
I would still continue professional activity | 778 | 72.9 |
I would sell the assets of my own company(own business) or its part | 245 | 23.0 |
I would count on remuneration (or pension)of the spouse/life partner | 124 | 11.6 |
I would take out a loan in the bank | 10 | 0.9 |
I would consider letting a part of my flat; its sale; or purchase of a smaller one in a different, cheaper location | 258 | 24.2 |
I would expect emergency financial aid from immediate family/friends | 33 | 3.1 |
I do not know, I have never thought about it | 25 | 2.3 |
I find my pension from ZUS sufficient | 22 | 2.1 |
Answers | N = 1065 | % |
---|---|---|
Amount of retirement savings you currently hold excluding ZUS and OFE, i.e., accumulated in IKE, IKZE, or other investment instruments: | ||
no savings | 201 | 18.8 |
less than PLN 30,000 (EUR8 6.7 thousand) | 321 | 30.1 |
between PLN 30,000 and PLN 100,000 (between EUR 6.7 and 22.2 thousand) | 258 | 24.2 |
between PLN 100,000–200,000 (between EUR 22.2 and 44.5 thousand) | 124 | 11.6 |
between 200,000 PLN a 300,000 PLN (between EUR 44.5 and 66.7 thousand) | 53 | 5.0 |
more than PLN 300,000 (more than EUR 66.7 thousand) | 110 | 10.3 |
In which particular financial instruments are your retirement savings deposited? | ||
IKE, IKZE | 257 | 24.1 |
investment funds | 151 | 14.2 |
real property | 491 | 46.0 |
gold/works of art, etc. | 140 | 13.1 |
securities | 140 | 13.1 |
life insurance as an investment (life insurance with an insurance capital fund—UFK) | 160 | 15.0 |
bank deposits | 233 | 21.8 |
I invest in the company on a regular basis as I treat development of my own business as a particular ‘pension scheme’ | 284 | 26.6 |
I do not hold any voluntary retirement savings/investments | 201 | 18.8 |
Variable | N = 1067 | % |
---|---|---|
In which particular financial instruments are your retirement savings deposited?(you can choose multiple answers) | ||
IKE, IKZE | 257 | 24.1 |
investment funds | 151 | 14.2 |
real property | 491 | 46.0 |
gold/works of art, etc. | 140 | 13.1 |
securities | 140 | 13.1 |
life insurance as an investment (life insurance with an insurance capital fund—UFK) | 160 | 15.0 |
bank deposits | 233 | 21.8 |
I invest in the company on a regular basis as I treat development of my own business as a particular ‘pension scheme’ | 284 | 26.6 |
I do not hold any voluntary retirement savings/investments | 201 | 18.8 |
Variable | Coding |
---|---|
Declaration of holding retirement savings outside ZUS and OFE | 1—possess |
0—does not posses | |
Age | 1—under 35 |
2—between 36–50 | |
3—over 50 | |
Gender | 1—female |
2—male | |
Education | 1—primary and vocational |
2—secondary | |
3—higher | |
Marital status | 1—single |
2—persons in relationships | |
3—other | |
Family situation | 1—persons without dependent children |
2—persons with dependent children | |
Type of business activity in household market enterprises | 1—own-account workers without employees |
2—employers in household market | |
Business activity in years | 1—up to 5 |
2—over 5 | |
Share of revenues from business activity in total income of a household | 1—the only income |
2—main income | |
3—complementary income | |
Estimated monthly incomes from business activity in the last year 2019 | 1—less than PLN 2500 |
2—between PLN 2500–4500 | |
3—between PLN 4500–6500 | |
4—more than PLN 6500 | |
Self-assessment of financial situation (tangible assets, held real estate and other tangible goods) | 1—bad |
2—average | |
3—good |
Variable | B | S.E. | Wald Statistic | Significance | Exp(B) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | ||||||
male | 0.668 | 0.175 | 14.557 | 0.000 | *** | 1.950 |
Family situation | ||||||
persons with dependent children | −0.381 | 0.188 | 4.100 | 0.043 | * | 0.683 |
Share of revenues from business in total income of a household | 9.363 | 0.009 | ** | |||
main income | 0.615 | 0.212 | 8.438 | 0.004 | *** | 1.850 |
complementary income | 0.442 | 0.233 | 3.584 | 0.058 | 1.555 | |
Estimated monthly incomes from business activity in the last year | 22.130 | 0.000 | *** | |||
PLN 2500–4500 | 0.293 | 0.253 | 1.338 | 0.247 | 1.340 | |
PLN 4500–6500 | 0.740 | 0.277 | 7.154 | 0.007 | ** | 2.096 |
above PLN 6500 | 1.178 | 0.268 | 19.309 | 0.000 | *** | 3.247 |
Self assessment of financial situation | 41.473 | 0.000 | *** | |||
average | 1.117 | 0.228 | 23.961 | 0.000 | *** | 3.055 |
good | 1.750 | 0.275 | 40.346 | 0.000 | *** | 5.753 |
Age | 8.151 | 0.017 | ** | |||
between 36–50 | 0.506 | 0.251 | 4.060 | 0.044 | * | 1.659 |
over 50 | −0.49 | 0.245 | 0.040 | 0.841 | 0.952 | |
Stable | −1.042 | 0.324 | 10.359 | 0.001 | *** | 0.353 |
N | 1067 | |||||
Cox i Snell’s R-squared | 0.131 | |||||
Nagelkerke’s R-squared | 0.211 | |||||
Log likelihood | 882.881 | |||||
Chi-square | 6.051 | |||||
Hosmer-Lemeshow (p-value) | 0.642 | |||||
Percentage of significant classifications | ||||||
0 | 21.4 | |||||
1 | 96.9 | |||||
in total | 82.7 |
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Bednarczyk, T.H.; Skibińska-Fabrowska, I.; Szymańska, A. An Empirical Study on the Financial Preparation for Retirement of the Independent Workers for Profit in Poland. Risks 2021, 9, 160. https://doi.org/10.3390/risks9090160
Bednarczyk TH, Skibińska-Fabrowska I, Szymańska A. An Empirical Study on the Financial Preparation for Retirement of the Independent Workers for Profit in Poland. Risks. 2021; 9(9):160. https://doi.org/10.3390/risks9090160
Chicago/Turabian StyleBednarczyk, Teresa H., Ilona Skibińska-Fabrowska, and Anna Szymańska. 2021. "An Empirical Study on the Financial Preparation for Retirement of the Independent Workers for Profit in Poland" Risks 9, no. 9: 160. https://doi.org/10.3390/risks9090160