Design and Reliability of an Observational Framework to Evaluate the Individual Offensive Behavior in Youth Soccer—The INDISOC Tool
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Observational Instrument
2.4. Receiving the Ball
Dimension | Categories | Subcategories |
---|---|---|
1. Field zone Zone of the field where the player receives or recovers the ball (Figure 2) | Defensive sector | 1; 2; 3; and 4. |
Pre-defensive sector | 5; 6; 7; and 8 | |
Pre-offensive sector | 9; 10; 11; and 12. | |
Offensive sector | 13a, 13b, 14a, 14b, 14c, 14d. 15a, 15b, 15c, 15d, 16a, 16b. | |
2. Invasive space Area within the SDO of the opponent where the player receives the ball (Figure 3) | Initial subspace | Forward zone (F) |
Non-penetrative subspace | Middle Right zone (MR), Middle Left Zone (ML), Middle zone (M) | |
Penetrative subspace | Defensive right zone (DR), defensive left zone (DL), defensive zone (D) | |
High-penetrative subspace | Back right zone (BR), back left zone (BL), back zone (B). | |
3. Defensive pressure Distance between the player with the ball and the immediate pressuring of opponent player(s) during the first three seconds of ball possession | Initial pressure: one or several opponent players pressure the attacker within the first 3 s of the possession (the defender(s) are located within 1.5 m of the player) Non-initial pressure: any player pressures the attacker during the first 3 s of the possession. | |
4. Body shape Body orientation with respect to the opponent goal at the moment of receiving the ball | Facing the goal: Player’s chest is facing the opposing goal Facing right: Player’s chest is facing the right line in relation to the opposing goal Facing left: Player’s chest is facing the left side in relation to the opposing goal Back to goal: Player’s back is facing the opposite side of the opposing goal. | |
5. Offensive support Number of passing options that the on-the-ball attacker possesses at the moment of receiving the ball possession. | Offensive support | Many options: The player has open passing lanes with three or more teammates Few options: The player has open lanes with one or two teammates |
No offensive support | No options: The player has no open passing lanes with his/her teammates. | |
6. Type of attack Degree of offensive directness in the offensive process [14,50]. | Positional attack: (a) The team possession begins by winning the ball in play or restarting the game, (b) the opposing team is prepared defensively, and (c) the circulation of the ball takes place more in width than in depth [50] and the intention of the team is to disorder the opponent using either fast, direct, or combinative play. Counterattack: (a) The team possession begins by winning the ball in play, (b) the progression towards the goal attempts to utilize a degree of imbalance from start to the end with high tempo [14], (c) the intention of the team is to exploit the space left by the opposing team when they were attacking, and (d) the opposing team does not have the opportunity to reorganize their system and be prepared defensively. |
2.5. Processing the Ball
2.6. Culminating the Action
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Dimension | Categories | Subcategories |
---|---|---|
7. Type of action. Behavior of the ball carrier since he/she receives the ball until the culmination of his/her action. | Receiving and passing | One-touch action: The ball carrier only needs one contact with the ball to culminate his/her action. Quick action (2–4 ball touches): the ball carrier needs few contacts with the ball to culminate his/her action |
Running with the ball | Carrying the ball: the ball carrier runs with the ball performing multiple touches or directional changes. Dribbling: The ball carrier attempts to beat an opponent in possession of the ball |
Dimension | Categories | Subcategories |
---|---|---|
8. Action culmination: Final action of the player that intends to pass to a teammate or to shoot at the goal | Possess | Non-penetrative pass: the ball carrier performs a pass that does not past opponent player(s) |
Progress | Penetrative pass: the ball carrier performs a pass towards the opponent’s goal past opponent player(s) Key pass: the ball carrier performs a pass from central channels of the field that breaks the opposing defensive line. | |
Assist | Key pass with assist: the ball carrier performs a pass from central channels of the field that breaks the opposing defensive line and allows the receiver to have an immediate scoring opportunity Cross: the ball carrier performs a pass from the exterior channels of the field in the opposing half (Figure 2) towards the penalty box Goal pass: the ball carrier performs a pass from the penalty box that allows the receiver to have an immediate scoring opportunity | |
Finish | Shot-feet: the ball carrier shoots at the goal while the ball is on the ground using two or more contacts to the ball. Shot-feet (one-touch): the ball carrier shoots at the goal while the ball is on the ground using one single contact to the ball Header: the ball carrier shoots at the goal while the ball is in the air by heading the ball. Volley: the ball carrier shoots at goal while the ball is in the air by using one single contact to the ball | |
Other | No culmination: The ball carrier does not achieve ball possession. Long ball: The ball carrier performs a long distance (+40 m) and high pass without a clear receiver. Clearance: The ball carrier clears the ball away without a defined offensive purpose. | |
9. Field zone of culmination Zone of the field where the player performs the final action of the IBP (Figure 2) | Defensive sector | 1; 2; 3; and 4. |
Pre-defensive sector | 5; 6; 7; and 8 | |
Pre-offensive sector | 9; 10; 11; and 12. | |
Offensive sector | 13a; 13b; 14a; 14b; 14c; and 14d. 15a; 15b; 15c; 15d; 16a; and 16b. | |
10. Invasive space of culmination Area within the Space of Defensive Occupation (SDO) of the opponent where the observed player performs the final action of the IBP (Figure 3) | Initial subspace | Forward zone (F): |
Non-penetrative subspace | Middle Right zone (MR), Middle Left Zone (ML), Middle zone (M) | |
Penetrative subspace | Defensive right zone (DR), defensive left zone (DL), defensive zone (D) | |
High penetrative subspace | Back right zone (BR), back left zone (BL), back zone (B). | |
11. Individual tactical outcome: Final performance of the action, considering the success when passing/shooting. | Successful (1) | Pass completed/Goal/Foul received, corner or throw-in achieved. |
No Successful (0) | Pass intercepted/missed/Shot off target./Ball out of play/Ball lost by tackle/Turnover/Foul committed/No control of the ball:. | |
12. Next teammate *: Receiving player when the observed player performs a pass. | Goalkeeper | Goalkeeper |
Full back | Left full back; Right full back | |
Central back | Right Central Back; Left Central Back | |
Midfielders | Defensive midfielder; Offensive midfielder | |
Wingers | Right winger; Left winger | |
Forwards | Forward | |
No connection | The observed player does not perform a pass |
Moment | Dimension | Category | Subcategory |
---|---|---|---|
Receiving the ball | |||
1. Field zone 2. Invasive space 3. Defensive pressure 4. Body shape 5. Offensive support 6. Type of attack | Pre-offensive Non-penetrative No pressure Facing forward Offensive support Organized attack | 10 Middle zone - - Many options - | |
Processing the ball | |||
7. Type of action | Controlling and passing | Quick action | |
Culminating the action | |||
8. Action culmination 9. Field zone of culmination 10. Invasive space of culmination 11. Next player 12. Tactical outcome | Assist Offensive Non-penetrative Wingers Positive | Key pass with assist 14c Middle zone Left winger Pass completed |
Moment | Dimension | Aikens’s V | |
---|---|---|---|
Pertinence | Comprehension | ||
Receiving the ball | 1. Field zone | 1 | 0.92 |
2. Invasive space | 0.95 | 0.91 | |
3. Defensive pressure | 1 | 0.87 | |
4. Body shape | 1 | 0.97 | |
5. Offensive support | 1 | 0.95 | |
6. Type of attack | 0.95 | 0.88 | |
Processing the ball | 7. Type of action | 1 | 0.92 |
Culminating the action | 8. Action culmination | 0.95 | 0.95 |
9. Field zone of culmination | 1 | 0.92 | |
10. Invasive space of culmination | 0.95 | 0.91 | |
11. Next teammate | 0.85 | 0.87 | |
12. Tactical outcome | 1 | 0.87 | |
Average score | 0.97 | 0.93 |
7-a-Side Soccer | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Moment | Dimension | K Inter-Observer | K Intra-Observer | ||
Categories | Subcategories | Categories | Subcategories | ||
Receiving the ball | 1. Field zone | 0.93 | 0.90 | 0.98 | 0.93 |
2. Invasive space | 0.83 | 0.73 | 0.93 | 0.86 | |
3. Defensive pressure | 0.82 | - | 0.95 | ||
4. Body shape | 0.95 | - | 0.98 | ||
5. Offensive support | 0.90 | 0.84 | 0.91 | 0.88 | |
6. Type of attack | 0.95 | - | 0.98 | ||
Processing the ball | 7. Type of action | 0.91 | 0.82 | 0.97 | 0.95 |
Culminating the action | 8. Action culmination | 0.89 | 0.82 | 0.99 | 0.93 |
9. Field zone of culmination | 0.94 | 0.90 | 1 | 0.98 | |
10. Invasive space of culmination | 0.81 | 0.74 | 0.88 | 0.84 | |
11. Next teammate | 0.95 | - | 1 | ||
12. Tactical outcome | 0.92 | 0.85 | 0.96 | 0.91 | |
11-a-Side Soccer | |||||
Receiving the ball | 1. Field zone | 0.97 | 0.92 | 1 | 0.96 |
2. Invasive space | 0.86 | 0.78 | 0.89 | 0.81 | |
3. Defensive pressure | 0.88 | - | 0.94 | ||
4. Body shape | 0.93 | - | 0.98 | ||
5. Offensive support | 0.93 | 0.85 | 0.97 | 0.92 | |
6. Type of attack | 0.97 | - | 1 | ||
Processing the ball | 7. Type of action | 0.98 | 0.87 | 1 | 0.97 |
Culminating the action | 8. Action culmination | 0.91 | 0.81 | 0.95 | 0.89 |
9. Field zone of culmination | 0.98 | 0.93 | 1 | 0.98 | |
10. Invasive space of culmination | 0.85 | 0.76 | 0.87 | 0.79 | |
11. Next teammate | 0.97 | - | 1 | ||
12. Tactical outcome | 0.94 | 0.91 | 0.98 | 0.96 |
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González-Rodenas, J.; Villa, I.; Tudela-Desantes, A.; Aranda-Malavés, R.; Aranda, R. Design and Reliability of an Observational Framework to Evaluate the Individual Offensive Behavior in Youth Soccer—The INDISOC Tool. Children 2022, 9, 1311. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9091311
González-Rodenas J, Villa I, Tudela-Desantes A, Aranda-Malavés R, Aranda R. Design and Reliability of an Observational Framework to Evaluate the Individual Offensive Behavior in Youth Soccer—The INDISOC Tool. Children. 2022; 9(9):1311. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9091311
Chicago/Turabian StyleGonzález-Rodenas, Joaquín, Iván Villa, Andrés Tudela-Desantes, Rodrigo Aranda-Malavés, and Rafael Aranda. 2022. "Design and Reliability of an Observational Framework to Evaluate the Individual Offensive Behavior in Youth Soccer—The INDISOC Tool" Children 9, no. 9: 1311. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9091311