Parent-Reported Perceived Cognitive Functioning Identifies Cognitive Problems in Children Who Survived Neonatal Critical Illness
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Measures
2.4. Data Analyses
- Cohen’s d (= mean–population mean/sample SD): small = 0.2, medium = 0.5, large = 0.8.
- r (= standardized test statistic/√N): small = 0.1, medium = 0.3, large = 0.5.
- Cohen’s f (= (√η2/1 − η2)): small = 0.1, medium = 0.25, large = 0.4.
- Strengths of the Kendall tau correlation coefficients were interpreted as followed [35]: τ: weak = 0.1, moderate = 0.4, strong = 0.7.
3. Results
3.1. Participants
3.2. Questionnaire Outcomes
3.3. Associations of PedsPCF with BRIEF, Outcomes of NPA, and School Functioning
3.4. Associations of 30- and 10-Item PedsPCF
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Demographic Characteristics | |
Sex | |
Male | 99 (59%) |
Female | 69 (41%) |
Clinical characteristics | |
Diagnosis | |
CDH | 57 (34%) |
without ECMO treatment | 46 (81%) |
with ECMO treatment | 11 (19%) |
EA | 54 (32%) |
CLM | 20 (12%) |
Neonatal ECMO, non-CDH | 37 (22%) |
Gestational age (weeks) | 39.0 (37.1–40.4) |
Birth weight (grams) | 3150 (2725–3530) |
Duration of initial hospital stay (days) | 22 (13–48) |
Duration of initial ventilation (days) | 7 (2–16) |
At follow-up | |
Age at assessment | |
8 years | 57 (34%) |
12 years | 64 (38%) |
17 years | 47 (28%) |
School functioning | |
Regular | 130 (78%) |
Regular with help | 22 (13%) |
Special educational needs | 14 (8%) |
Missing | 2 (1%) |
Measurement | Mean (SD) | p-Value | Effect Size (d/r) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Self-reported | PedsPCF 30-item | −0.35 (0.88) | <0.001 | 0.40 1 |
Proxy-reported | PedsPCF 30-item | −0.36 (1.06) | <0.001 | 0.33 1 |
Total BRIEF | 0.33 (0.98) | <0.001 | 0.34 2 | |
BRI | 0.37 (0.97) | <0.001 | 0.35 1 | |
MCI | 0.26 (0.96) | 0.001 | 0.27 2 |
Variable | Mean (SD) | p-Value | Effect Size (d/r) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Intelligence | Total IQ | 100 (18) | 0.951 | 0.00 2 |
Attention | TMTA t | 0.30 (1.15) | <0.001 *** | 0.37 1 |
Stroop IF | −0.23 (1.19) | 0.051 | 0.16 1 | |
DCT-ST | −0.93 (1.28) | <0.001 *** | 0.60 1 | |
DCT-SD | −1.17 (1.52) | <0.001 *** | 0.60 1 | |
Verbal Memory | Total Digit Span | 0.04 (1.00) | 0.565 | 0.04 1 |
RAVLT total | −0.35 (1.26) | <0.001 *** | 0.28 2 | |
RAVLT recall | −0.64 (1.38) | <0.001 *** | 0.40 1 | |
Visuospatial Memory | WNV-SS total | −0.21 (0.92) | 0.004 ** | 0.23 2 |
WNV-SS forward | −0.07 (1.04) | 0.298 | 0.08 1 | |
RCFT immediate | −0.62 (1.23) | <0.001 *** | 0.42 1 | |
RCFT delayed | −0.76 (1.26) | <0.001 *** | 0.51 1 | |
RCFT recognition | −0.08 (1.21) | 0.933 | 0.01 1 | |
Executive Functioning | BADS-C Key Search | 0.18 (1.10) | 0.052 | 0.15 1 |
BADS-C Modified Six Elements | −0.48 (0.81) | <0.001 *** | 0.50 1 | |
TMTB t | 0.09 (1.08) | 0.013 * | 0.20 1 | |
WNV-SS backwards | −0.29 (0.86) | <0.001 *** | 0.35 1 | |
PSI | −0.04 (1.13) | 0.620 | 0.04 2 |
Variable | Cases (n) | B (SE) | 95% CI of B | R2 | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intelligence | WISC-III-NL Total IQ | 158 | 0.022 (0.004) | 0.013–0.031 | 0.141 | <0.001 *** |
Attention | TMTA t | 155 | 0.223 (0.071) | 0.082–0.364 | 0.060 | 0.002 ** |
Stroop IF | 149 | 0.067 (0.074) | −0.079–0.213 | 0.006 | 0.365 | |
DCT-ST | 151 | 0.139 (0.066) | 0.009–0.269 | 0.029 | 0.036 * | |
DCT-SD | 151 | 0.106 (0.056) | −0.004–0.271 | 0.024 | 0.059 | |
Verbal Memory | WISC-III-NL Total Digit Span | 157 | 0.255 (0.083) | 0.090–0.419 | 0.057 | 0.003 ** |
RAVLT total | 158 | 0.231 (0.065) | 0.103–0.359 | 0.075 | <0.001 *** | |
RAVLT recall | 158 | 0.188 (0.060) | 0.070–0.305 | 0.060 | 0.002 ** | |
Visuospatial Memory | WNV-SS total | 155 | 0.266 (0.091) | 0.085–0.446 | 0.052 | 0.004 ** |
WNV-SS forwards | 155 | 0.159 (0.082) | −0.003–0.322 | 0.024 | 0.055 | |
RCFT immediate | 155 | 0.191 (0.067) | 0.059–0.323 | 0.051 | 0.005 ** | |
RCFT delayed | 155 | 0.191 (0.066) | 0.061–0.321 | 0.052 | 0.004 ** | |
RCFT recognition | 156 | 0.164 (0.071) | 0.024–0.304 | 0.034 | 0.022 * | |
Executive Functioning | BADS-C Key Search | 155 | 0.208 (0.076) | 0.058–0.358 | 0.047 | 0.007 ** |
BADS-C Modified Six Elements | 88 **** | 0.083 (0.144) | −0.202–0.369 | 0.004 | 0.563 | |
TMTB t | 147 | 0.236 (0.083) | 0.071–0.400 | 0.052 | 0.005 ** | |
WNV-SS backwards | 155 | 0.275 (0.097) | 0.082–0.467 | 0.049 | 0.005 ** | |
Processing Speed Index | 158 | 0.319 (0.069) | 0.183–0.456 | 0.120 | <0.001 *** |
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Ilik, Y.; IJsselstijn, H.; Gischler, S.J.; van Gils-Frijters, A.; Schnater, J.M.; Rietman, A.B. Parent-Reported Perceived Cognitive Functioning Identifies Cognitive Problems in Children Who Survived Neonatal Critical Illness. Children 2022, 9, 900. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9060900
Ilik Y, IJsselstijn H, Gischler SJ, van Gils-Frijters A, Schnater JM, Rietman AB. Parent-Reported Perceived Cognitive Functioning Identifies Cognitive Problems in Children Who Survived Neonatal Critical Illness. Children. 2022; 9(6):900. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9060900
Chicago/Turabian StyleIlik, Yerel, Hanneke IJsselstijn, Saskia J. Gischler, Annabel van Gils-Frijters, Johannes M. Schnater, and Andre B. Rietman. 2022. "Parent-Reported Perceived Cognitive Functioning Identifies Cognitive Problems in Children Who Survived Neonatal Critical Illness" Children 9, no. 6: 900. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9060900