Men Are from Quartile One, Women Are from? Relative Age Effect in European Soccer and the Influence of Age, Success, and Playing Status
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category | Subcategory | n | Definition |
---|---|---|---|
Sex | Female | 2387 | Represented their respective nation’s female soccer team. |
Male | 4159 | Represented their respective nation’s male soccer team. | |
Competition Level | U17 | 1511 | Represented their nation during the U17 qualification campaign. |
U19 | 1522 | Represented their nation during the U19 qualification campaign. | |
Senior | 2513 | Represented their nation during the Senior qualification campaign. | |
Qualification Status | Qualified | 2399 | Qualified for the knockout round(s) of their respective competitions. |
Non-Qualified | 4147 | Did not qualify for the knockout round(s) of their respective competitions. | |
Playing Status | Age Group | 2357 | Playing inside their age group (e.g., 16/17 years playing at U17 level). |
Playing Up | 676 | Playing above their age group (e.g., 16/17 years playing at U19 level). |
Birthdate Distribution (%) | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q1 vs. Q4 | Q2 vs. Q4 | Q3 vs. Q4 | S1 vs. S2 | χ2 | p | |||
Female | U17 | Qual | 165 | 42 (25.5) | 52 (31.5) | 37 (22.4) | 34 (20.6) | 1.2 (0.6–2.8) | 1.5 (0.7–3.4) | 1.1 (0.5–2.5) | 1.3 (0.8–2.3) | 2.6 | 0.467 |
Non | 159 | 45 (28.3) | 42 (23.3) | 37 (23.3) | 35 (22.0) | 1.3 (0.6–2.8) | 1.2 (0.5–2.7) | 1.1 (0.5–2.4) | 1.2 (0.7–2.1) | 1.3 | 0.735 | ||
All | 324 | 87 (26.9) | 94 (29.0) | 74 (22.8) | 69 (21.3) | 1.3 (0.6–2.8) | 1.4 (0.6–3.0) | 1.1 (0.5–2.4) | 1.3 (0.7–2.2) | 1.5 | 0.68 | ||
U19 | Qual | 160 | 51 (31.9) | 37 (23.1) | 37 (23.1) | 35 (21.9) | 1.5 (0.7–3.2) | 1.1 (0.5–2.4) | 1.1 (0.5–2.4) | 1.2 (0.7–2.1) | 3.0 | 0.383 | |
Non | 133 | 46 (34.6) | 39 (29.3) | 26 (19.5) | 22 (16.5) | 2.1 (0.9–4.7) | 1.8 (0.8–4.0) | 1.2 (0.5–2.8) | 1.8 (1.0–3.1) | 8.9 * | 0.03 | ||
All | 293 | 97 (33.1) | 76 (25.9) | 63 (21.5) | 57 (19.5) | 1.7 (0.8–3.7) | 1.3 (0.6–3.0) | 1.1 (0.5–2.5) | 1.4 (0.8–2.5) | 4.8 | 0.187 | ||
Sen | Qual | 669 | 165 (24.7) | 201 (30.0) | 144 (21.5) | 159 (23.8) | 1.1 (0.5–2.3) | 1.3 (0.6–2.7) | 0.9 (0.4–2.0) | 1.2 (0.7–2.1) | 1.6 | 0.654 | |
Non | 1101 | 275 (25.0) | 317 (28.8) | 259 (23.5) | 250 (22.7) | 1.1 (0.5–2.4) | 1.3 (0.6–2.8) | 1.0 (0.5–2.3) | 1.2 (0.7–2.0) | 0.8 | 0.849 | ||
All | 1770 | 440 (24.9) | 518 (29.3) | 403 (22.8) | 409 (23.1) | 1.1 (0.5–2.4) | 1.3 (0.6–2.8) | 1.0 (0.4–2.2) | 1.2 (0.7–2.1) | 1.1 | 0.788 | ||
Male | U17 | Qual | 323 | 147 (45.5) | 94 (29.1) | 58 (18.0) | 24 (7.4) | 6.1 (2.4–15.9) | 3.9 (1.5–10.4) | 2.4 (0.9–6.7) | 2.9 (1.6–5.3) | 32.9 * | <0.001 |
Non | 864 | 366 (42.4) | 230 (26.6) | 173 (20.0) | 95 (11.0) | 3.9 (1.6–9.2) | 2.4 (1.0–5.9) | 1.8 (0.7–4.6) | 2.2 (1.3–4.0) | 21.9 * | <0.001 | ||
All | 1187 | 513 (43.2) | 324 (27.3) | 231 (19.5) | 119 (10.0) | 4.3 (1.8–10.4) | 2.7 (1.1–6.8) | 1.9 (0.8–5.0) | 2.4 (1.3–4.3) | 24.6 * | <0.001 | ||
U19 | Qual | 159 | 66 (41.5) | 41 (25.8) | 33 (20.8) | 19 (11.9) | 3.5 (1.5–8.1) | 2.2 (0.9–5.2) | 1.7 (0.7–4.3) | 2.1 (1.2–3.7) | 19.3 * | <0.001 | |
Non | 1070 | 421 (39.3) | 297 (27.8) | 186 (17.4) | 166 (15.5) | 2.5 (1.1–5.7) | 1.8 (0.8–4.1) | 1.1 (0.5–2.7) | 2.0 (1.2–3.6) | 15.3 * | 0.002 | ||
All | 1229 | 487 (39.6) | 338 (27.5) | 219 (17.8) | 185 (15.1) | 2.6 (1.2–5.9) | 1.8 (0.8–4.2) | 1.2 (0.5–2.9) | 2.0 (1.2–3.6) | 15.7 * | 0.001 | ||
Sen | Qual | 923 | 295 (32.0) | 239 (25.9) | 219 (23.7) | 170 (18.4) | 1.7 (0.8–3.9) | 1.4 (0.6–3.2) | 1.3 (0.6–2.9) | 1.4 (0.8–2.4) | 4.0 | 0.265 | |
Non | 820 | 229 (27.9) | 208 (25.4) | 215 (26.2) | 168 (20.5) | 1.4 (0.6–3.0) | 1.2 (0.6–2.8) | 1.3 (0.6–2.9) | 1.1 (0.7–2.0) | 1.1 | 0.784 | ||
All | 1743 | 524 (30.1) | 447 (25.6) | 434 (24.9) | 338 (19.4) | 1.6 (0.7–3.4) | 1.3 (0.6–3.0) | 1.3 (0.6–2.9) | 1.3 (0.7–2.2) | 2.3 | 0.506 |
Birthdate Distribution (%) | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q1 vs. Q4 | Q2 vs. Q4 | Q3 vs. Q4 | S1 vs. S2 | χ2 | p | |||
Female | Age Group | 337 | 106 (31.5) | 96 (28.5) | 72 (21.4) | 63 (18.7) | 1.7 (0.8–3.7) | 1.5 (0.7–3.4) | 1.1 (0.5–2.6) | 1.5 (0.9–2.6) | 4.5 | 0.212 | |
Playing Up | 280 | 78 (27.9) | 74 (26.4) | 64 (22.9) | 64 (22.9) | 1.2 (0.6–2.7) | 1.2 (0.5–2.5) | 1.0 (0.5–2.2) | 1.2 (0.7–2.1) | 1.0 | 0.806 | ||
Male | Age Group | 2020 | 851 (42.1) | 542 (26.8) | 369 (18.3) | 258 (12.8) | 3.3 (1.4–7.6) | 2.1 (0.9–5.0) | 1.4 (0.6–3.5) | 2.2 (1.3–4.0) | 20.6 * | <0.001 | |
Playing Up | 396 | 149 (37.6) | 120 (30.3) | 81 (20.5) | 46 (11.6) | 3.2 (1.4–7.7) | 2.6 (1.1–6.3) | 1.8 (0.7–4.4) | 2.1 (1.2–3.8) | 15.8 * | 0.001 |
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Andrew, M.; Finnegan, L.; Datson, N.; Dugdale, J.H. Men Are from Quartile One, Women Are from? Relative Age Effect in European Soccer and the Influence of Age, Success, and Playing Status. Children 2022, 9, 1747. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9111747
Andrew M, Finnegan L, Datson N, Dugdale JH. Men Are from Quartile One, Women Are from? Relative Age Effect in European Soccer and the Influence of Age, Success, and Playing Status. Children. 2022; 9(11):1747. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9111747
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrew, Matthew, Laura Finnegan, Naomi Datson, and James H. Dugdale. 2022. "Men Are from Quartile One, Women Are from? Relative Age Effect in European Soccer and the Influence of Age, Success, and Playing Status" Children 9, no. 11: 1747. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9111747
APA StyleAndrew, M., Finnegan, L., Datson, N., & Dugdale, J. H. (2022). Men Are from Quartile One, Women Are from? Relative Age Effect in European Soccer and the Influence of Age, Success, and Playing Status. Children, 9(11), 1747. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9111747