Food Insecurity in the Informal Settlements of Inanda Households Living with Children under 60 Months in Ethekwini Municipality
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Conceptual Framework
2.2. Sampling and Data Collection
2.3. Food insecurity Estimation
2.3.1. Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS)
2.3.2. Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS)
2.3.3. Limitations of the Study
3. Results
3.1. Households with Children and Respondents’ Demographic Characteristics
3.2. The Food Security Status of Households with Children in the Inanda Informal Settlements
Results of the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale Analysis
3.3. Results of the Household Dietary Diversity Score Analysis
3.4. Chi-Square Test and Pearson Correlation between Household Food Security Status (HFIAS) and Selected Explanatory Variables
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions and Recommendations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Age Distribution of Respondents (Caregivers) | ||
---|---|---|
Age (years) | Frequency | Percentage (%) |
<19 | 4 | 2.50 |
19–25 | 29 | 18.10 |
26–30 | 41 | 25.60 |
31–45 | 50 | 31.30 |
46–50 | 20 | 12.50 |
>50 | 16 | 10.00 |
Total | 160 | 100 |
Respondents’ (caregivers’) highest level of education | ||
Level of education | Frequency | Percentage (%) |
Never went to school | 60 | 37.50 |
Non-formal education | 7 | 4.40 |
Primary level | 69 | 43.10 |
Secondary level | 24 | 15.00 |
Total | 160 | 100 |
Employment status of respondents (caregivers) | ||
Employment status | Frequency | Percentage (%) |
Unemployed | 111 | 69.40 |
Self-employed | 21 | 13.10 |
Temporally employed | 21 | 13.10 |
Permanently employed | 7 | 4.40 |
Total | 160 | 100 |
Respondent’s access to social grant | ||
Access to social grant | Frequency | Percentage (%) |
Yes | 153 | 95.60 |
No | 7 | 4.40 |
Total | 160 | 100 |
Household total number of dependent (s) | ||
Number of dependents | Frequency | Percentage (%) |
1–5 | 84 | 52.50 |
6–10 | 76 | 47.50 |
Total | 160 | 100 |
HFIAS Category | Frequency | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|
Food secure | 12 | 7.50 |
Mildly food insecure | 49 | 30.60 |
Moderately food insecure | 44 | 27.50 |
Severely food insecure | 55 | 34.40 |
Total | 160 | 100 |
Mean | 11.80 | |
Std. Deviation | 7.52 |
Food Type Consumed by Households | Frequency | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|
Cereal (bread, rice noodles, biscuits, or other foods made from millet, sorghum, maize, rice, wheat?) | 159 | 99.38 |
Root and tuber (any potatoes, yams, manioc, cassava, or other foods made from roots or tubers? | 143 | 89.38 |
Any vegetables? | 99 | 61.88 |
Any fruits? | 61 | 38.15 |
Meat, poultry, offal (beef, pork, lamb, goat, rabbit, wild-game, chicken, duck, or other birds, liver, kidney, heart, or other organ meats? | 33 | 20.63 |
Any eggs? | 40 | 25 |
Fish and seafood (any fresh or dried fish or shellfish? | 19 | 11.88 |
Pulses, legumes/nuts (any foods made from beans, peas, lentils, or nuts? | 89 | 55.63 |
Milk and dairy products (any cheese, yoghurt, milk or other milk products? | 21 | 13.13 |
Oil/Fats (any foods made with oil, fat, or butter? | 155 | 96.86 |
Any sugar or honey? | 110 | 68.75 |
Miscellaneous (any other foods, such as condiments, coffee, or tea? | 118 | 73.75 |
HDDS Category | Frequency | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Low dietary diversity (<4) | 123 | 76.90 |
Medium dietary diversity (4–6) | 19 | 11.90 |
High dietary diversity (>6) | 18 | 11.30 |
Total | 160 | 100 |
Mean score | 5.09 | |
Std. Deviation | 1.28 |
Variable | Food Secure n = 37 | Mildly Food Insecure n = 41 | Moderately Food Insecure n = 25 | Severely Food Insecure n = 57 | X2 Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age of caregiver | ||||||
<19 | 2 (1.3%) | 1 (0.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.6%) | 61.878 * | 0.000 |
19–25 | 4 (2.5%) | 9 (5.6%) | 11 (6.8%) | 5 (3.1%) | ||
26–30 | 10 (6.2%) | 15 (9.3%) | 4 (2.5%) | 12 (7.5%) | ||
31–45 | 17 (10.6%) | 10 (6.2%) | 4 (2.5%) | 19 (11.8%) | ||
46–50 | 3 (1.8%) | 5 (3.1%) | 3 (1.8%) | 9 (5.6%) | ||
>50 | 1 (0.6%) | 1 (0.6%) | 3 (1.8%) | 11 (6.8%) | ||
Caregiver’s education level | ||||||
Never went to school | 5 (3.1%) | 12 (7.5%) | 14 (8.8%) | 29 (18.1%) | 9.926 ** | 0.019 |
Non-formal education | 2 (1.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (1.3%) | 3 (1.8%) | ||
Primary | 20 (12.5%) | 20 (12.5%) | 4 (2.5%) | 25 (12.0%) | ||
Secondary | 10 (6.2%) | 9 (5.6%) | 5 (3.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | ||
Caregiver’s employment status | ||||||
Unemployed | 18 (11.2%) | 35 (21.8%) | 20 (12.5%) | 38 (23.7%) | 42.090 * | 0.000 |
Self-employed | 9 (5.63%) | 6 (3.75%) | 0 (0.00%) | 6 (3.75%) | ||
Temporally employed | 7 (4.38%) | 0 (0.00%) | 4 (2.50%) | 10 (6.25%) | ||
Permanently employed | 3 (1.88%) | 0 (0.00%) | 1 (0.63%) | 3 (1.88%) | ||
Caregiver’s access to social grant | ||||||
Yes | 37 (23.1%) | 39 (24.3%) | 22 (13.7%) | 55 (34.3%) | 7.028 * | 0.008 |
No | 0 (0.00%) | 2 (1.30%) | 3 (1.88%) | 2 (1.3%) | ||
Household total number of dependents | ||||||
1–5 | 22(13.7%) | 19(11.8%) | 10(6.2%) | 33(20.6%) | 1.679 | 0.950 |
6–10 | 15(9.3%) | 22(13.7%) | 15(9.3%) | 24(15.0%) |
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Mkhize, M.; Sibanda, M. Food Insecurity in the Informal Settlements of Inanda Households Living with Children under 60 Months in Ethekwini Municipality. Children 2022, 9, 1521. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9101521
Mkhize M, Sibanda M. Food Insecurity in the Informal Settlements of Inanda Households Living with Children under 60 Months in Ethekwini Municipality. Children. 2022; 9(10):1521. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9101521
Chicago/Turabian StyleMkhize, Mbalenhle, and Melusi Sibanda. 2022. "Food Insecurity in the Informal Settlements of Inanda Households Living with Children under 60 Months in Ethekwini Municipality" Children 9, no. 10: 1521. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9101521