Neurological Complications and Associated Risk Factors in Children Affected with Chronic Kidney Disease
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Recruitment
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Limitations
4.2. Future Directions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | N | % |
---|---|---|
Gender
| 276 149 | 64.9 35.1 |
Age
| 90 335 | 21.2 78.8 |
Stage of CKD
| 112 105 195 | 26.4 24.7 45.9 |
Renal diagnosis
| 52 65 72 7 11 31 19 92 14 4 3 55 | 12.2 15.3 16.9 1.6 2.6 7.3 4.5 21.6 3.3 0.9 0.7 12.9 |
Growth Failure
| 29 396 | 6.8 93.2 |
Developmental Delay
| 57 368 | 13.4 86.6 |
Seizure Disorder
| 60 365 | 14.1 85.9 |
Neural Tube Defect
| 15 410 | 3.5 96.5 |
Stroke
| 2 423 | 0.5 99.5 |
Metabolic Disease
| 22 403 | 5.2 94.8 |
Cerebral Palsy
| 6 419 | 1.4 98.6 |
CNS diagnosis
| 381 5 19 7 6 6 1 | 89.6 1.2 4.5 1.6 1.4 1.4 0.2 |
Management
| 262 52 74 37 | 61.6 12.2 17.4 8.7 |
Antiepileptic Medication use
| 31 394 | 7.3 92.7 |
Correlation Between | OR (Yes/No) | p-Values | |
---|---|---|---|
Variable 1 | Variable 2 | ||
Age of diagnosis | CKD Stage | - | 0.453 |
Growth failure | 0.762 | 0.591 | |
Developmental delay | 0.569 | 0.156 | |
Neurological disease | 1.359 | 0.240 | |
Management | - | <0.001 | |
Gender | CKD Stage | - | 0.946 |
Growth failure | 0.875 | 0.737 | |
Developmental delay | 1.092 | 0.086 | |
Neurological disease | 0.749 | 0.188 | |
Neurological disease | CKD stage | - | 0.015 |
Management | - | 0.009 | |
Use of antiepileptic medication | 0.175 | <0.001 | |
Renal diagnosis
| Neurological disease | 0.646 0.621 1.274 1.538 1.722 0.821 1.510 1.416 3.841 0.667 0.668 0.661 | 0.193 0.121 0.366 0.317 0.371 0.631 0.385 0.154 0.011 0.159 0.223 0.205 |
Each renal diagnosis
| Growth failure | 0.862 1.609 1.296 0.931 0.725 1.067 0.606 1.351 0.112 0.931 0.931 1.310 | 0.791 0.443 0.640 0.470 0.763 0.932 0.032 0.551 <0.001 0.587 0.683 0.666 |
Renal diagnosis
| Developmental delay | 2.765 1.623 0.952 0.928 1.564 1.049 0.818 0.667 0.189 0.865 0.865 1.071 | 0.084 0.282 0.896 0.945 0.670 0.931 0.756 0.206 0.001 0.429 0.494 0.873 |
Renal diagnosis
| Seizure disorder | 1.298 3.888 0.621 0.986 0.426 1.579 0.439 0.802 0.394 0.857 0.858 1.396 | 0.569 0.017 0.154 0.990 0.062 0.036 0.076 0.496 0.077 0.415 0.034 0.464 |
Different Groups of Interest | Neurological Disease | |
---|---|---|
N | % | |
CKD stage
| 26 35 77 | 23.2 33.3 39.5 |
Management
| 75 21 35 9 | 28.6 40.4 47.3 24.3 |
Use of antiepileptic medications
| 22 118 | 71.0 29.9 |
Renal diagnosis
| 13 16 27 3 5 9 8 36 9 0 0 14 | 25.0 24.6 37.5 42.9 45.5 29.0 42.1 39.1 64.3 0.0 0.0 25.5 |
Gender
| 97 43 | 35.1 28.9 |
Age group
| 25 115 | 27.8 34.3 |
Renal Diagnosis | Developmental Delay N (%) | Seizure Disorder N (%) | NTD N (%) | CNS Diagnosis N (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
PUV (n = 52) Cystic disease (n = 65) Neurogenic Bladder (n = 72) Glomerulonephritis (n = 7) UPJ obstruction (n = 11) Obstruction otherwise (n = 31) Tubular disease (n = 19) Other causes (n = 92) Syndromic causes (n = 14) FHHNC (n = 4) HUS (n = 3) Nephrotic syndrome (n = 55) | 3 (5.8) 6 (9.2) 10 (13.9) 1 (14.3) 1 (9.1) 4 (12.9) 3 (15.8) 16 (17.4) 6 (42.9) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 7 (12.7) | 6 (11.5) 3 (4.6) 14 (19.4) 1 (14.3) 3 (27.3) 3 (9.7) 5 (26.3) 15 (16.3) 4 (28.6) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 6 (10.9) | 2 (3.8) 3 (4.6) 1 (1.4) 0 (0.0) 1 (9.1) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 7 (7.6) 1 (7.1) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) | 3 (5.8) 2 (3.0) 13 (18.1) 2 (28.6) 2 (18.2) 4 (13.0) 1 (5.3) 10 (11.0) 4 (28.5) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 3 (5.4) |
Age Group | Conservative N (%) | Peritoneal Dialysis N (%) | Hemodialysis N (%) | Surgical N (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Younger than 2 years (n = 90) | 73 (81.1) | 7 (7.8) | 3 (3.3) | 7 (7.8) |
Older than 2 years (n = 335) | 189 (56.4) | 45 (13.4) | 71 (21.2) | 30 (9.0) |
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Safdar, O.; Sindi, S.; Nazer, N.; Milyani, A.; Makki, A. Neurological Complications and Associated Risk Factors in Children Affected with Chronic Kidney Disease. Children 2020, 7, 59. https://doi.org/10.3390/children7060059
Safdar O, Sindi S, Nazer N, Milyani A, Makki A. Neurological Complications and Associated Risk Factors in Children Affected with Chronic Kidney Disease. Children. 2020; 7(6):59. https://doi.org/10.3390/children7060059
Chicago/Turabian StyleSafdar, Osama, Sulafa Sindi, Njood Nazer, Asmaa Milyani, and Abdulrahman Makki. 2020. "Neurological Complications and Associated Risk Factors in Children Affected with Chronic Kidney Disease" Children 7, no. 6: 59. https://doi.org/10.3390/children7060059