Association of Hypertension and Obesity with Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases in Children Aged 6–9 Years Old in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population and Design
2.2. Ethical Consideration
2.3. Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria
2.4. Anthropometric Measurements
2.5. Blood Pressure Measurements
2.6. Assessment of Endothelial Function
2.7. Sample Collection and Biochemical Analysis
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics of Study Participants
3.2. Prevalence of Overweight/Obesity and Pre-Hypertension/Hypertension
3.3. Effect of Body Size on Risk Markers of Cardiovascular Diseases in Children
3.4. Effect of Blood Pressure Status on Risk Markers of Cardiovascular Diseases in Children
3.5. Relationship of Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases with Blood Pressure and Anthropometric Measures in Children
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Girls | Boys | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
N | 171 | 135 | |
Age (y) | 7.79 (8.27–8.09) | 8.11 (7.85–8.37) | 0.56 |
HT (cm) | 126.95 (124.40–129.50) | 128.01 (126.00–130.01) | 0.53 |
WT (kg) | 26.64 (25.40–27.88) | 28.24 (26.31–30.16) | 0.89 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 16.34 (15.75–16.93) | 16.63 (15.71–17.55) | 0.17 |
NC (cm) | 25.39 (25.00–25.79) | 26.70 (26.20–27.20) | <0.001 |
MUAC (cm) | 19.91 (19.38–20.45) | 19.81 (19.03–20.59) | 0.227 |
WC (cm) | 58.71 (57.31–60.12) | 59.19 (57.29–61.10) | 0.20 |
CC (cm) | 25.64 (24.94–26.33) | 26.34 (25.49–27.23) | 0.83 |
AC (cm) | 18.66 (18.25–19.10) | 19.13 (18.55–19.71) | 0.19 |
SBP (mmHg) | 109.46 (107.05–111.86) | 108.01 (105.0–111.71) | 0.75 |
DBP (mmHg) | 71.27 (69.48–73.07) | 69.19 (66.83–71.55) | 0.28 |
HR (bpm) | 91.06 (87.74–94.38) | 88.65 (92.65) | 0.13 |
MAP (mmHg) | 84.00 (82.20–85.80) | 82.36 (80.17–84.54) | 0.43 |
Creatinine (mmol/L) | 7.74 (6.76–8.70) | 9.82 (8.49–11.15) | <0.001 |
Albumin (mg/L) | 44.71 (5.73–83.69) | 27.35 (−3.49–58.20) | 0.08 |
TBARS (µM) | 0.08 (0.07–0.09) | 0.07 (0.06–0.08) | 0.94 |
8-OHdG (ng/mL) | 62.73 (58.99–66.48) | 65.15 (61.51–68.78) | 0.08 |
ADMA (ng/mL) | 73.64 (71.25–76.04) | 74.30 (71.22–77.37) | 0.22 |
PWV(m/s) | 7.11 (5.54–8.68) | 6.18 (5.13–7.23) | 0.25 |
Variable | Cohort (%) | Girls (%) | Boys (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Overweight/obesity by BMI percentiles | 59 (19.28) | 37 (12.09) | 22 (7.19) |
Overweight/obesity by WHtR | 55 (17.97) | 37 (12.09) | 18 (5.88) |
Pre-hypertension/hypertension | 129 (42.16) | 74 (24.18) | 55 (19.97) |
Variable | Normal Weight (95% CI) | Overweight/Obesity (95% CI) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
Creatinine (mmol/L) | 8.37 (7.45–9.29) | 9.52 (8.00–11.05) | 0.03 |
Albumin (mg/L) | 43.53 (12.67–74.39) | 6.76 (3.72–9.81) | 0.16 |
ADMA (ng/mL) | 74.18 (72.19–76.18) | 73.32 (68.59–78.06) | 0.82 |
PWV(m/s) | 6.69 (5.58–7.80) | 7.57 (4.77–10.38) | 0.79 |
TBARS (µM) | 0.07 (0.06–0.08) | 0.08 (0.07–0.09) | 0.23 |
8-OHdG (ng/mL) | 62.90 (60.19–65.62) | 69.82 (62.78–76.87) | 0.21 |
Variable | Normotensive (95% CI) | Pre-HT/HT (95% CI) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
Creatinine (mmol/L) | 8.55 (7.4–9.7) | 8.63 (7.53–9.72) | <0.001 |
Albumin (mg/L) | 39.03 (6.27–71.78) | 32.03 (–4.22–68.28) | <0.001 |
ADMA (ng/mL) | 75.08 (73.25–76.91) | 73.07 (69.96–76.19) | <0.001 |
PWV(m/s) | 6.94 (5.41–8.47) | 6.41 (5.25–7.56) | 0.02 |
TBARS (µM) | 0.07 (0.06–0.08) | 0.08 (0.07–0.09) | 0.40 |
8-OHdG (ng/mL) | 64.91 (61.26–68.58) | 64.78 (60.63–68.94) | 0.58 |
SBP | DBP | HR | BMI | WC | MUAC | NC | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Creatinine (mmol/L) | −0.036 | 0.004 | 0.008 | 0.067 | 0.189 * | 0.072 | 0.246 * |
Albumin (mg/L) | 0.029 | 0.043 | 0.027 | −0.067 | 0.037 | −0.023 | −0.086 |
ADMA (ng/mL) | −0.041 | 0.016 | 0.004 | 0.113 | 0.104 | 0.175* | 0.102 |
PWV(m/s) | 0.09 | 0.22 | 0.02 | −0.006 | −0.022 | 0.053 | 0.003 |
TBAR (µM) | 0.001 | 0.136 | 0.032 | −0.038 | 0.064 | −0.059 | 0.132 |
8-OHdG (ng/mL) | 0.041 | 0.011 | −0.031 | 0.034 | 0.034 | 0.031 | 0.102 |
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Matjuda, E.N.; Engwa, G.A.; Letswalo, P.B.; Mungamba, M.M.; Sewani-Rusike, C.R.; Nkeh-Chungag, B.N. Association of Hypertension and Obesity with Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases in Children Aged 6–9 Years Old in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Children 2020, 7, 25. https://doi.org/10.3390/children7040025
Matjuda EN, Engwa GA, Letswalo PB, Mungamba MM, Sewani-Rusike CR, Nkeh-Chungag BN. Association of Hypertension and Obesity with Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases in Children Aged 6–9 Years Old in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Children. 2020; 7(4):25. https://doi.org/10.3390/children7040025
Chicago/Turabian StyleMatjuda, Edna N., Godwill A. Engwa, Prescilla B. Letswalo, Muhau M. Mungamba, Constance R. Sewani-Rusike, and Benedicta N. Nkeh-Chungag. 2020. "Association of Hypertension and Obesity with Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases in Children Aged 6–9 Years Old in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa" Children 7, no. 4: 25. https://doi.org/10.3390/children7040025