Regional Variations in Physical Fitness and Activity in Healthy and Overweight Ecuadorian Adolescents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Sampling
2.3. Anthropometrics
2.4. Resting and Fitness Measures
2.5. Questionnaire
2.6. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographics
3.2. Physical Fitness
3.3. Physical Activity Habits
3.4. Parent and Peer Support
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Total Sample | Sex | Location | School | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Urban | Rural | Urban 1 | Urban 2 | Rural 1 | Rural 2 | ||
Sample Size | 407 | 130 | 277 | 205 | 202 | 86 | 119 | 106 | 96 |
Demographics | |||||||||
Age (years) | 15.1 ± 1.6 | 15.1 ± 1.6 | 15.1 ± 1.6 | 15.4 ± 1.6 † | 14.8 ± 1.5 † | 16.0 ± 1.7 ‡ | 14.9 ± 1.4 ‡ | 15.1 ± 1.5 ‡ | 14.6 ± 1.4 ‡ |
Height (cm) | 155.8 ± 7.9 | 160.7 ± 9.7 ‡ | 153.5 ± 5.6 ‡ | 157.3 ± 8.0 † | 154.3 ± 7.5 † | 158.8 ± 7.3 * | 156.2 ± 8.4 * | 154.9 ± 8.4 * | 153.6 ± 6.2 * |
Weight (kg) | 52.0 ± 13.4 | 53.9 ± 16.3 | 51.2 ± 11.8 | 54.4 ± 16.1 † | 49.6 ± 9.5 † | 60.2 ± 20.4 ‡ | 50.2 ± 10.2 ‡ | 49.4 ± 10.0 ‡ | 49.9 ± 8.9 ‡ |
BMI (kg/m2) | 21.3 ± 4.9 | 20.6 ± 5.4 * | 21.7 ± 4.6 * | 21.9 ± 6.1 + | 20.8 ± 3.3 + | 23.9 ± 8.1 ‡ | 20.5 ± 3.5 ‡ | 20.5 ± 3.3 ‡ | 21.1 ± 3.2 ‡ |
IOTF BMI (%ile) | 49.0 ± 29.5 | 39.9 ± 28.9 ‡ | 53.3 ± 28.9 ‡ | 47.3 ± 29.6 | 50.7 ± 29.4 | 46.3 ± 27.8 * | 48.1 ± 31.0 * | 45.7 ± 29.4 * | 56.3 ± 28.5 * |
Physical Fitness | |||||||||
PostHR (beats/15 s) | 30.1 ± 5.6 | 27.2 ± 5.2 ‡ | 31.4 ± 5.2 ‡ | 32.5 ± 4.7 ‡ | 27.6 ± 5.3 ‡ | 31.0 ± 4.5 ‡ | 33.7 ± 4.4 ‡ | 26.4 ± 4.9 ‡ | 28.8 ± 5.4 ‡ |
EstVO2max (mL/kg/min) | 43.4 ± 8.8 | 48.3 ± 9.4 ‡ | 41.1 ± 7.5 ‡ | 39.7 ± 6.1 ‡ | 47.1 ± 9.6 ‡ | 41.7 ± 6.3 ‡ | 38.2 ± 5.6 ‡ | 48.9 ± 9.3 ‡ | 45.2 ± 9.6 ‡ |
Physical Activity Questions | |||||||||
PA Comp (0–14) | 6.7 ± 3.6 | 8.1 ± 3.8 ‡ | 6.0 ± 3.2 ‡ | 6.7 ± 3.4 | 6.6 ± 3.7 | 6.5 ± 3.7 | 6.8 ± 3.2 | 6.5 ± 3.8 | 6.8 ± 3.7 |
MVPA (days/week) | 2.9 ± 2.0 | 3.4 ± 2.2 † | 2.6 ± 1.9 † | 2.7 ± 1.8 | 3.0 ± 2.2 | 2.7 ± 2.1 | 2.7 ± 1.6 | 2.9 ± 2.2 | 3.2 ± 2.1 |
Strength (sessions/week) | 1.9 ± 2.0 | 2.7 ± 2.4 ‡ | 1.5 ± 1.7 ‡ | 1.9 ± 1.9 | 1.9 ± 2.2 | 1.8 ± 2.1 | 2.0 ± 1.7 | 1.9 ± 2.3 | 1.8 ± 2.0 |
Sport Comp (0–7) | 1.6 ± 1.5 | 1.8 ± 1.7 | 1.5 ± 1.4 | 1.7 ± 1.6 | 1.7 ± 1.5 | 1.7 ± 1.6 | 1.6 ± 1.5 | 1.5 ± 1.5 | 1.7 ± 1.5 |
School Teams (#/year) | 0.6 ± 0.8 | 0.8 ± 0.9 * | 0.6 ± 0.8 * | 0.6 ± 0.8 | 0.6 ± 0.8 | 0.8 ± 0.8 | 0.6 ± 0.8 | 0.7 ± 0.8 | 0.6 ± 0.8 |
Non-School Teams (#/year) | 0.6 ± 0.8 | 0.8 ± 0.9 * | 0.6 ± 0.8 * | 0.7 ± 0.9 | 0.6 ± 0.8 | 0.6 ± 0.9 | 0.7 ± 0.8 | 0.6 ± 0.8 | 0.6 ± 0.8 |
Organized Lessons (#/year) | 0.4 ± 0.5 | 0.3 ± 0.5 * | 0.4 ± 0.5 * | 0.4 ± 0.5 | 0.4 ± 0.5 | 0.3 ± 0.5 * | 0.4 ± 0.5 * | 0.3 ± 0.5 * | 0.5 ± 0.5 * |
SB Comp (0–18) | 4.0 ± 2.7 | 4.5 ± 2.9 + | 3.8 ± 2.5 + | 4.7 ± 2.8 ‡ | 3.3 ± 2.3 ‡ | 4.8 ± 2.7 ‡ | 4.7 ± 2.8 ‡ | 3.3 ± 2.2 ‡ | 3.4 ± 2.4 ‡ |
TV viewing (h/day) | 2.0 ± 1.4 | 1.9 ± 1.4 | 2.1 ± 1.4 | 2.3 ± 1.5 ‡ | 1.7 ± 1.3 ‡ | 2.5 ± 1.6 † | 2.2 ± 1.4 † | 1.8 ± 1.1 † | 1.7 ± 1.4 † |
Computer Use (h/day) | 1.8 ± 1.6 | 1.9 ± 1.7 | 1.7 ± 1.6 | 2.2 ± 1.8 ‡ | 1.4 ± 1.3 ‡ | 2.2 ± 1.7 ‡ | 2.3 ± 1.8 ‡ | 1.2 ± 1.3 ‡ | 1.6 ± 1.4 ‡ |
Video Game (h/day) | 0.4 ± 0.9 | 0.8 ± 1.2 ‡ | 0.2 ± 0.7 ‡ | 0.5 ± 1.0 | 0.4 ± 0.8 | 0.4 ± 0.9 | 0.5 ± 1.1 | 0.4 ± 0.8 | 0.3 ± 0.6 |
Variables | IOTF Standards | Physical Fitness | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
UW | HW | OW | Very Poor | Poor | Fair | Good | Excellent | Superior | |
Sample Size | 112 | 245 | 50 | 8 | 17 | 76 | 116 | 62 | 128 |
Demographics | |||||||||
Age (years) | 14.4 ± 1.5 ‡ | 15.3 ± 1.6 ‡ | 15.6 ± 1.4 ‡ | 14.6 ± 1.7 | 15.3 ± 1.8 | 15.2 ± 1.6 | 15.5 ± 1.5 | 14.9 ± 1.6 | 14.9 ± 1.6 |
Height (cm) | 154.3 ± 8.4 * | 156.7 ± 7.5 * | 155.2 ± 8.1 * | 157.3 ± 12.4 * | 156.0 ± 8.5 * | 155.7 ± 7.8 * | 157.5 ± 8.0 * | 156.4 ± 8.5 * | 154.0 ± 6.9 * |
Weight (kg) | 43.8 ± 13.3 ‡ | 52.9 ± 11.3 ‡ | 66.2 ± 9.5 ‡ | 50.1 ± 14.9 | 52.1 ± 11.6 | 52.0 ± 14.3 | 53.9 ± 11.9 | 52.4 ± 13.3 | 50.3 ± 14.3 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 18.3 ± 5.2 ‡ | 21.5 ± 3.9 ‡ | 27.4 ± 2.6 ‡ | 20.0 ± 4.3 | 21.2 ± 3.2 | 21.4 ± 5.7 | 21.7 ± 4.4 | 21.3 ± 5.0 | 21.1 ± 5.1 |
IOTF BMI (%ile) | 14.7 ± 10.7 ‡ | 55.4 ± 19.8 ‡ | 94.5 ± 4.0 ‡ | 47.4 ± 41.2 | 56.7 ± 30.0 | 43.5 ± 30.3 | 52.0 ± 31.5 | 47.7 ± 28.3 | 49.2 ± 26.9 |
Physical Fitness | |||||||||
PostHR (beats/15 s) | 29.3 ± 6.1 | 30.2 ± 5.4 | 31.0 ± 4.9 | 37.6 ± 2.8 ‡ | 36.7 ± 4.1 ‡ | 34.6 ± 4.2 ‡ | 32.0 ± 3.7 ‡ | 29.1 ± 3.4 ‡ | 24.8 ± 3.8 ‡ |
EstVO2max (mL/kg/min) | 44.6 ± 10.2 | 43.2 ± 8.4 | 41.4 ± 7.4 | 33.0 ± 1.5 ‡ | 34.2 ± 3.9 ‡ | 36.9 ± 4.6 ‡ | 40.2 ± 5.2 ‡ | 44.0 ± 5.9 ‡ | 51.6 ± 8.5 ‡ |
Physical Activity Questions | |||||||||
PA Comp (0–14) | 6.4 ± 3.3 | 6.9 ± 3.7 | 6.3 ± 3.3 | 5.0 ± 4.8 | 6.5 ± 4.0 | 7.0 ± 3.0 | 6.8 ± 3.6 | 6.5 ± 3.6 | 6.6 ± 3.7 |
MVPA (days/week) | 2.8 ± 2.0 | 2.9 ± 2.0 | 2.6 ± 2.0 | 2.0 ± 2.3 | 2.8 ± 1.8 | 3.0 ± 1.8 | 2.8 ± 2.0 | 2.8 ± 2.0 | 3.0 ± 2.1 |
Strength (sessions/week) | 1.5 ± 1.6 | 2.1 ± 2.2 | 1.7 ± 1.8 | 1.6 ± 2.3 | 1.8 ± 2.4 | 1.8 ± 1.7 | 2.0 ± 2.1 | 1.8 ± 2.0 | 1.8 ± 2.2 |
Sport Comp (0–7) | 1.7 ± 1.7 | 1.6 ± 1.5 | 1.4 ± 1.3 | 1.3 ± 1.6 | 1.2 ± 1.1 | 1.6 ± 1.6 | 1.6 ± 1.5 | 1.8 ± 1.6 | 1.6 ± 1.6 |
School Teams (#/year) | 0.8 ± 1.0 | 0.6 ± 0.8 | 0.5 ± 0.8 | 0.5 ± 1.1 | 0.5 ± 0.6 | 0.6 ± 0.8 | 0.6 ± 0.8 | 0.7 ± 1.0 | 0.7 ± 0.8 |
Non-School Teams (#/year) | 0.6 ± 0.9 | 0.7 ± 0.8 | 0.5 ± 0.7 | 0.5 ± 0.8 | 0.5 ± 0.7 | 0.6 ± 0.8 | 0.7 ± 0.9 | 0.7 ± 0.9 | 0.6 ± 0.8 |
Organized Lessons (#/year) | 0.3 ± 0.5 | 0.4 ± 0.5 | 0.4 ± 0.5 | 0.3 ± 0.5 | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 0.3 ± 0.5 | 0.4 ± 0.5 | 0.4 ± 0.5 | 0.4 ± 0.5 |
SB Comp (0–18) | 4.1 ± 2.7 | 4.1 ± 2.6 | 3.8 ± 2.6 | 6.4 ± 5.0 ‡ | 5.6 ± 3.5 ‡ | 4.6 ± 2.7 ‡ | 4.1 ± 2.4 ‡ | 4.5 ± 2.6 ‡ | 3.1 ± 2.3 ‡ |
TV viewing (h/day) | 2.0 ± 1.4 | 2.0 ± 1.4 | 2.0 ± 1.6 | 2.4 ± 2.1 * | 2.4 ± 1.4 * | 2.2 ± 1.5 * | 1.9 ± 1.3 * | 2.3 ± 1.5 * | 1.7 ± 1.3 * |
Computer Use (h/day) | 1.7 ± 1.6 | 1.9 ± 1.7 | 1.8 ± 1.5 | 2.8 ± 2.8 † | 2.8 ± 2.1 † | 2.0 ± 1.8 † | 2.0 ± 1.6 † | 2.0 ± 1.4 † | 1.3 ± 1.3 † |
Video Game (h/day) | 0.6 ± 1.1 * | 0.4 ± 0.8 * | 0.2 ± 0.5 * | 1.1 ± 1.5 | 0.6 ± 1.5 | 0.6 ± 0.9 | 0.3 ± 0.8 | 0.5 ± 1.0 | 0.3 ± 0.8 |
Variables | Total | Sex | IOTF Standards | Location | School | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | UW | HW | OW | Urban | Rural | Urban 1 | Urban 2 | Rural 1 | Rural 2 | ||
Sample Size (N) | 407 | 130 | 277 | 112 | 245 | 50 | 205 | 202 | 86 | 119 | 106 | 96 |
PA Comp Score | 205 | 82 | 123 | 57 | 125 | 23 | 102 | 103 | 37 | 65 | 49 | 54 |
(50.4) | (63.1) | (44.4) | (53.9) | (51.0) | (46.0) | (49.8) | (51.0) | (43.0) | (54.6) | (46.2) | (56.3) | |
MVPA (≥7 days/week) | 34 | 20 | 14 | 8 | 23 | 3 | 9 | 25 | 6 | 3 | 17 | 8 |
(8.4) | (15.4) | (5.1) | (7.1) | (9.4) | (6.0) | (4.4) | (12.4) | (7.0) | (2.5) | (16.0) | (8.3) | |
Strength (≥3 days/week) | 118 | 57 | 61 | 26 | 79 | 13 | 59 | 59 | 25 | 34 | 30 | 29 |
(29.0) | (43.9) | (22.0) | (23.2) | (32.2) | (26.0) | (28.8) | (29.2) | (29.1) | (28.6) | (28.3) | (30.2) | |
SB Comp Score | 123 | 33 | 90 | 33 | 73 | 17 | 44 | 79 | 16 | 28 | 42 | 37 |
(30.2) | (25.4) | (32.5) | (29.5) | (29.8) | (34.0) | (21.5) | (39.1) | (18.6) | (23.5) | (39.6) | (38.5) | |
≤2 h TV viewing | 268 | 93 | 175 | 75 | 162 | 31 | 121 | 147 | 49 | 72 | 78 | 69 |
(67.3) | (72.7) | (64.8) | (68.8) | (66.9) | (66.0) | (60.8) | (73.9) | (57.0) | (63.7) | (75.0) | (72.6) | |
≤2 h Computers | 278 | 85 | 193 | 80 | 163 | 35 | 123 | 155 | 51 | 72 | 85 | 70 |
(73.5) | (66.9) | (76.9) | (76.9) | (71.2) | (77.8) | (65.1) | (82.0) | (64.6) | (65.5) | (84.2) | (79.6) | |
≤2 h Video Games | 389 | 116 | 273 | 104 | 235 | 50 | 192 | 197 | 80 | 112 | 102 | 95 |
(96.1) | (90.6) | (98.6) | (92.9) | (96.7) | (100.0) | (94.1) | (98.0) | (93.0) | (94.9) | (97.1) | (99.0) |
Variables | Weight Status | Physical Fitness | PA Participation | SB Participation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BMI %ile | 1a | 1b | PA Comp | 2a | 2b | SB Comp | 3a | 3b | 3c | |
1. Physical Fitness | ||||||||||
a. PostHR (b/min) | 0.10 * | |||||||||
b. EstVO2max (mL/kg/min) | −0.11 * | −0.94 ** | ||||||||
2. PA Composite Score | 0.01 | −0.17 * | 0.18 * | |||||||
a. MVPA 60-min | −0.01 | −0.15 * | 0.16 * | 0.78 ** | ||||||
b. Strength Training | 0.05 | −0.16 * | 0.19 * | 0.85 ** | 0.48 ** | |||||
3. SB Composite Score | −0.03 | 0.19 * | −0.17 * | 0.10 * | 0.04 | 0.05 | ||||
a. TV Use | −0.01 | 0.18 * | −0.18 * | −0.16 * | −0.14 * | −0.20 * | 0.68 ** | |||
b. Computer Use | 0.04 | 0.20 * | −0.17 * | 0.19 * | 0.13 * | 0.17 * | 0.80 ** | 0.23 | ||
c. Video Game Use | −0.13 * | −0.05 | 0.07 | 0.17 * | 0.06 | 0.14 * | 0.47 ** | 0.03 | 0.21 | |
4. Parent Support Comp Score | −0.00 | −0.07 | 0.06 | 0.12 * | 0.15 * | 0.02 | −0.06 | −0.16 * | 0.00 | 0.00 |
5. Peer Support Comp Score | −0.04 | −0.12 * | 0.14 * | 0.15 * | 0.19 * | 0.09 | −0.03 | −0.01 | −0.03 | −0.05 |
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Howe, C.A.; Casapulla, S.; Shubrook, J.H.; Lopez, P.; Grijalva, M.; Berryman, D.E. Regional Variations in Physical Fitness and Activity in Healthy and Overweight Ecuadorian Adolescents. Children 2018, 5, 104. https://doi.org/10.3390/children5080104
Howe CA, Casapulla S, Shubrook JH, Lopez P, Grijalva M, Berryman DE. Regional Variations in Physical Fitness and Activity in Healthy and Overweight Ecuadorian Adolescents. Children. 2018; 5(8):104. https://doi.org/10.3390/children5080104
Chicago/Turabian StyleHowe, Cheryl A., Sharon Casapulla, Jay H. Shubrook, Pablo Lopez, Mario Grijalva, and Darlene E. Berryman. 2018. "Regional Variations in Physical Fitness and Activity in Healthy and Overweight Ecuadorian Adolescents" Children 5, no. 8: 104. https://doi.org/10.3390/children5080104