Parent Cardiac Response in the Context of Their Child’s Completion of the Cold Pressor Task: A Pilot Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. The Role of Parents in Children’s Pain Experience
1.2. Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability
1.3. Current Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Apparatus
2.2.1. Cold Pressor Task
2.2.2. Electrocardiogram
2.2.3. Video
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Measures
2.4.1. Demographics
2.4.2. Self-Assessment Manikin
2.5. Data Preparation
3. Results
3.1. Pre-Analysis
3.2. Exploring Parent Cardiac Response during Resting, Pre-CPT, and Post-CPT
3.3. Factors Posited to Affect HR and HRV across the Three Phases of the Study
3.3.1. Resting HRV and Its Association with Phasic and Recovery HRV
3.3.2. Children’s Typical Response to Needle Pain
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Resting | Pre-CPT | Post-CPT a | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | Range | M | SD | Range | M | SD | Range | |
HR | 76.33 | 9.59 | 61.83–97.05 | 80.31 | 10.53 | 61.90–103.99 | 78.76 | 9.52 | 64.31–96.31 |
HF-HRV | 6.02 | 0.84 | 4.55–7.36 | 5.74 | 1.11 | 3.26–7.24 | 5.57 | 0.80 | 3.90–7.26 |
RMSSD | 6.72 | 0.86 | 4.94–8.06 | 6.72 | 0.86 | 4.39–8.50 | 6.61 | 0.68 | 5.34–7.79 |
Phasic = Pre-CPT − Resting | Recovery a = Post-CPT − Resting | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | Range | M | SD | Range | |
ΔHR | 4.00 | 4.48 | −6.15–14.22 | 1.96 | 3.05 | −2.83 to 8.07 |
ΔHF-HRV | −0.28 | 0.85 | −2.52 to 1.02 | −0.41 | 0.78 | −1.64 to 1.39 |
ΔRMSSD | 0.00 | 0.67 | −2.00 to 1.00 | −0.06 | 0.70 | −1.62 to 1.75 |
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Constantin, K.; Moline, R.L.; McMurtry, C.M.; Bailey, H.N. Parent Cardiac Response in the Context of Their Child’s Completion of the Cold Pressor Task: A Pilot Study. Children 2017, 4, 100. https://doi.org/10.3390/children4110100
Constantin K, Moline RL, McMurtry CM, Bailey HN. Parent Cardiac Response in the Context of Their Child’s Completion of the Cold Pressor Task: A Pilot Study. Children. 2017; 4(11):100. https://doi.org/10.3390/children4110100
Chicago/Turabian StyleConstantin, Kaytlin, Rachel L. Moline, C. Meghan McMurtry, and Heidi N. Bailey. 2017. "Parent Cardiac Response in the Context of Their Child’s Completion of the Cold Pressor Task: A Pilot Study" Children 4, no. 11: 100. https://doi.org/10.3390/children4110100
APA StyleConstantin, K., Moline, R. L., McMurtry, C. M., & Bailey, H. N. (2017). Parent Cardiac Response in the Context of Their Child’s Completion of the Cold Pressor Task: A Pilot Study. Children, 4(11), 100. https://doi.org/10.3390/children4110100