Participation of Children and Youth with and Without Cerebral Palsy Across Settings: An Exploratory Study
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CP | Cerebral Palsy |
GMFCS | Gross Motor Function Classification System |
ICF | International Classification of Function, Disability, and Health |
IRB | Institutional Review Board |
PEM-CY | Participation and Environment Measure for Children and Youth |
US | United States |
WHO | World Health Organization |
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Participants | n | Percentage | Mean (SD) | Range |
---|---|---|---|---|
Parent/Caregiver: AGE (years) Sex Male Female Race White Black/African American Other Household Income <$52,200 $52,201–$156,000 >$156,000 | 37 * 9 28 29 3 5 7 16 14 | 24.3% 75.6% 78.3% 8.1% 13.5% 18.9% 43.2% 37.8% | 42.51 (9.11) | 24–60 |
Children without CP: AGE (years) <6 6 to 11 12 to 17 Sex Male Female Household Income <$52,200 $52,201–$156,00 >$156,000 | 19 3 11 5 11 8 1 10 8 | 15.7% 57.9% 26.3% 57.9% 42.1% 5.2% 52.6% 42.1% | 8.61 (4.08) | 5–17 |
Children with CP: AGE (years) <6 6 to 11 12 to 17 Sex Male Female Household Income <$52,200 $52,201–$156,000 >$156,000 GMFCS Level: I II III IV V | 18 5 8 5 13 5 6 6 6 1 5 5 4 3 | 27.7% 44.4% 27.7% 72.2% 27.7% 33.3% 33.3% 33.3% 5.5% 27.7% 27.7% 22.2% 16.6% | 8.84 (3.45) | 5–16 |
PEM-CY Scores | Children Without CP n = 19 | Children with CP n = 18 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Home Frequency of Participation Level of Involvement | Range | Mean (SD) | Range | Mean (SD) |
4.80–7.00 3.30–5.00 | 6.10 (0.63) 4.23 (0.60) | 3.10–6.80 2.60–5.00 | 4.82 (1.29) 3.80 (0.77) | |
School Frequency of Participation Level of Involvement | 1.00–6.40 1.50–5.00 | 3.91 (0.27) 4.23 (0.95) | 0.00–7.00 1.50–5.00 | 3.24 (2.10) 3/72 (1.35) |
Community Frequency of Participation Level of Involvement | 2.30–5.50 1.00–5.00 | 3.62 (0.89) 3.94 (1.22) | 0.60–5.70 1.33–5.00 | 2.39 (1.12) 3.47 (1.01) |
A. Frequency of Participation | |||||||
Home | |||||||
n | MEAN RANKS | Median | U | z | p | d | |
No CP | 19 | 23.95 | 6.20 | 77.00 | −2.86 | 0.004 * | 0.47 |
CP | 18 | 13.78 | 4.10 | ||||
School | |||||||
n | MEAN RANKS | Median | U | Z | p | d | |
No CP | 19 | 21.50 | 4.20 | 123.50 | −1.45 | 0.148 | - |
CP | 18 | 16.36 | 3.40 | ||||
Community | |||||||
n | MEAN RANKS | Median | U | Z | p | d | |
No CP | 19 | 25.13 | 3.60 | 54.50 | −3.54 | <0.001 * | 0.58 |
CP | 18 | 12.53 | 2.20 | ||||
B. Level of Involvement | |||||||
Home | |||||||
n | MEAN RANKS | Median | U | z | p | ||
No CP | 19 | 22.13 | 4.30 | 115.50 | −1.81 | 0.070 | |
CP | 18 | 15.69 | 3.83 | ||||
School | |||||||
n | MEAN RANKS | Median | U | Z | p | ||
No CP | 19 | 20.26 | 4.60 | 147.00 | −0.746 | 0.456 | |
CP | 18 | 17.67 | 4.23 | ||||
Community | |||||||
n | MEAN RANKS | Median | U | Z | p | ||
No CP | 19 | 21.79 | 4.14 | 118.00 | −1.62 | 0.106 | |
CP | 18 | 16.06 | 3.31 |
A. Frequency of Participation | |||||||
Home | |||||||
GMFCS level | n | MEAN RANKS | Median | U | z | p | d |
I to III | 11 | 11.95 | 5.80 | 11.50 | −2.46 | 0.014 * | 0.40 |
IV and V | 7 | 5.64 | 4.00 | ||||
School | |||||||
n | MEAN RANKS | Median | U | Z | p | d | |
I to III | 11 | 11.77 | 4.00 | 13.50 | −2.27 | 0.023 * | 0.37 |
IV and V | 7 | 5.93 | 1.60 | ||||
Community | |||||||
n | MEAN RANKS | Median | U | Z | p | d | |
I to III | 11 | 10.73 | 2.40 | 25.00 | −1.23 | 0.221 | - |
IV and V | 7 | 7.57 | 1.90 | ||||
Home | |||||||
GENDER | n | MEAN RANKS | Median | U | z | p | |
Male | 13 | 8.65 | 4.10 | 21.50 | −1.09 | 0.275 | |
Female | 5 | 11.70 | 5.80 | ||||
School | |||||||
n | MEAN RANKS | Median | U | z | p | ||
Male | 13 | 9.69 | 3.20 | 30.00 | −0.247 | 0.805 | |
Female | 5 | 9.00 | 3.60 | ||||
Community | |||||||
n | MEAN RANKS | Median | U | z | p | ||
Male | 13 | 9.50 | 2.10 | 32.50 | 0.00 | 1.000 | |
Female | 5 | 9.50 | 2.40 |
A. Frequency of Participation | ||||||
Home | ||||||
AGE GROUP (years) | n | MEAN RANKS | Median | H | df | p |
<6 | 5 | 7.70 | 4.00 | 4.32 | 2 | 0.115 |
6 to 11 | 8 | 12.38 | 6.10 | |||
12 to 17 | 5 | 7.70 | 4.00 | |||
School | ||||||
n | MEAN RANKS | Median | H | df | p | |
<6 | 5 | 3.00 | 1.40 | 10.44 | 2 | 0.005 * |
6 to 11 | 8 | 12.38 | 4.40 | |||
12 to 17 | 5 | 11.40 | 3.80 | |||
Community | ||||||
n | MEAN RANKS | Median | H | df | p | |
<6 | 5 | 9.40 | 2.40 | 3.58 | 2 | 0.167 |
6 to 11 | 8 | 11.75 | 2.65 | |||
12 to 17 | 5 | 6.00 | 1.50 | |||
Pairwise Comparisons of Age Groups and School Participation | ||||||
Age Groups | Test Statistic (H) | p | r | |||
Less than 6 years old & between 12 to 17 years old | −2.50 | 0.013 * | −0.59 | |||
Less than 6 years old & between 6 to 11 years old | −3.10 | 0.002 * | −0.73 | |||
Between 12 to 17 years old & between 6 to 11 years old | 0.32 | 0.748 | 0.08 |
A. Frequency of Participation | ||||||
Home | ||||||
Household INCOME | n | MEAN RANKS | Median | H | df | p |
<$52,200 | 6 | 18.57 | 5.80 | 2.81 | 2 | 0.245 |
$52,201 to $156,600 | 6 | 22.19 | 6.20 | |||
>$156,600 | 6 | 15.57 | 5.40 | |||
School | ||||||
n | MEAN RANKS | Median | H | df | p | |
<$52,200 | 6 | 21.93 | 4.80 | 1.39 | 2 | 0.500 |
$52,201 to $156,600 | 6 | 16.72 | 3.30 | |||
>$156,600 | 6 | 20.14 | 4.00 | |||
Community | ||||||
n | MEAN RANKS | Median | H | df | p | |
<$52,200 | 6 | 19.29 | 3.10 | 0.59 | 2 | 0.745 |
$52,201 to $156,600 | 6 | 20.34 | 2.95 | |||
>$156,600 | 6 | 17.32 | 2.65 |
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Pierce, T.; Fiss, A.L. Participation of Children and Youth with and Without Cerebral Palsy Across Settings: An Exploratory Study. Children 2025, 12, 707. https://doi.org/10.3390/children12060707
Pierce T, Fiss AL. Participation of Children and Youth with and Without Cerebral Palsy Across Settings: An Exploratory Study. Children. 2025; 12(6):707. https://doi.org/10.3390/children12060707
Chicago/Turabian StylePierce, Teresa, and Alyssa LaForme Fiss. 2025. "Participation of Children and Youth with and Without Cerebral Palsy Across Settings: An Exploratory Study" Children 12, no. 6: 707. https://doi.org/10.3390/children12060707
APA StylePierce, T., & Fiss, A. L. (2025). Participation of Children and Youth with and Without Cerebral Palsy Across Settings: An Exploratory Study. Children, 12(6), 707. https://doi.org/10.3390/children12060707