Participation of Children and Youth with and Without Cerebral Palsy Across Settings: An Exploratory Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CP | Cerebral Palsy |
GMFCS | Gross Motor Function Classification System |
ICF | International Classification of Function, Disability, and Health |
IRB | Institutional Review Board |
PEM-CY | Participation and Environment Measure for Children and Youth |
US | United States |
WHO | World Health Organization |
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Participants | n | Percentage | Mean (SD) | Range |
---|---|---|---|---|
Parent/Caregiver: AGE (years) Sex Male Female Race White Black/African American Other Household Income <$52,200 $52,201–$156,000 >$156,000 | 37 * 9 28 29 3 5 7 16 14 | 24.3% 75.6% 78.3% 8.1% 13.5% 18.9% 43.2% 37.8% | 42.51 (9.11) | 24–60 |
Children without CP: AGE (years) <6 6 to 11 12 to 17 Sex Male Female Household Income <$52,200 $52,201–$156,00 >$156,000 | 19 3 11 5 11 8 1 10 8 | 15.7% 57.9% 26.3% 57.9% 42.1% 5.2% 52.6% 42.1% | 8.61 (4.08) | 5–17 |
Children with CP: AGE (years) <6 6 to 11 12 to 17 Sex Male Female Household Income <$52,200 $52,201–$156,000 >$156,000 GMFCS Level: I II III IV V | 18 5 8 5 13 5 6 6 6 1 5 5 4 3 | 27.7% 44.4% 27.7% 72.2% 27.7% 33.3% 33.3% 33.3% 5.5% 27.7% 27.7% 22.2% 16.6% | 8.84 (3.45) | 5–16 |
PEM-CY Scores | Children Without CP n = 19 | Children with CP n = 18 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Home Frequency of Participation Level of Involvement | Range | Mean (SD) | Range | Mean (SD) |
4.80–7.00 3.30–5.00 | 6.10 (0.63) 4.23 (0.60) | 3.10–6.80 2.60–5.00 | 4.82 (1.29) 3.80 (0.77) | |
School Frequency of Participation Level of Involvement | 1.00–6.40 1.50–5.00 | 3.91 (0.27) 4.23 (0.95) | 0.00–7.00 1.50–5.00 | 3.24 (2.10) 3/72 (1.35) |
Community Frequency of Participation Level of Involvement | 2.30–5.50 1.00–5.00 | 3.62 (0.89) 3.94 (1.22) | 0.60–5.70 1.33–5.00 | 2.39 (1.12) 3.47 (1.01) |
A. Frequency of Participation | |||||||
Home | |||||||
n | MEAN RANKS | Median | U | z | p | d | |
No CP | 19 | 23.95 | 6.20 | 77.00 | −2.86 | 0.004 * | 0.47 |
CP | 18 | 13.78 | 4.10 | ||||
School | |||||||
n | MEAN RANKS | Median | U | Z | p | d | |
No CP | 19 | 21.50 | 4.20 | 123.50 | −1.45 | 0.148 | - |
CP | 18 | 16.36 | 3.40 | ||||
Community | |||||||
n | MEAN RANKS | Median | U | Z | p | d | |
No CP | 19 | 25.13 | 3.60 | 54.50 | −3.54 | <0.001 * | 0.58 |
CP | 18 | 12.53 | 2.20 | ||||
B. Level of Involvement | |||||||
Home | |||||||
n | MEAN RANKS | Median | U | z | p | ||
No CP | 19 | 22.13 | 4.30 | 115.50 | −1.81 | 0.070 | |
CP | 18 | 15.69 | 3.83 | ||||
School | |||||||
n | MEAN RANKS | Median | U | Z | p | ||
No CP | 19 | 20.26 | 4.60 | 147.00 | −0.746 | 0.456 | |
CP | 18 | 17.67 | 4.23 | ||||
Community | |||||||
n | MEAN RANKS | Median | U | Z | p | ||
No CP | 19 | 21.79 | 4.14 | 118.00 | −1.62 | 0.106 | |
CP | 18 | 16.06 | 3.31 |
A. Frequency of Participation | |||||||
Home | |||||||
GMFCS level | n | MEAN RANKS | Median | U | z | p | d |
I to III | 11 | 11.95 | 5.80 | 11.50 | −2.46 | 0.014 * | 0.40 |
IV and V | 7 | 5.64 | 4.00 | ||||
School | |||||||
n | MEAN RANKS | Median | U | Z | p | d | |
I to III | 11 | 11.77 | 4.00 | 13.50 | −2.27 | 0.023 * | 0.37 |
IV and V | 7 | 5.93 | 1.60 | ||||
Community | |||||||
n | MEAN RANKS | Median | U | Z | p | d | |
I to III | 11 | 10.73 | 2.40 | 25.00 | −1.23 | 0.221 | - |
IV and V | 7 | 7.57 | 1.90 | ||||
Home | |||||||
GENDER | n | MEAN RANKS | Median | U | z | p | |
Male | 13 | 8.65 | 4.10 | 21.50 | −1.09 | 0.275 | |
Female | 5 | 11.70 | 5.80 | ||||
School | |||||||
n | MEAN RANKS | Median | U | z | p | ||
Male | 13 | 9.69 | 3.20 | 30.00 | −0.247 | 0.805 | |
Female | 5 | 9.00 | 3.60 | ||||
Community | |||||||
n | MEAN RANKS | Median | U | z | p | ||
Male | 13 | 9.50 | 2.10 | 32.50 | 0.00 | 1.000 | |
Female | 5 | 9.50 | 2.40 |
A. Frequency of Participation | ||||||
Home | ||||||
AGE GROUP (years) | n | MEAN RANKS | Median | H | df | p |
<6 | 5 | 7.70 | 4.00 | 4.32 | 2 | 0.115 |
6 to 11 | 8 | 12.38 | 6.10 | |||
12 to 17 | 5 | 7.70 | 4.00 | |||
School | ||||||
n | MEAN RANKS | Median | H | df | p | |
<6 | 5 | 3.00 | 1.40 | 10.44 | 2 | 0.005 * |
6 to 11 | 8 | 12.38 | 4.40 | |||
12 to 17 | 5 | 11.40 | 3.80 | |||
Community | ||||||
n | MEAN RANKS | Median | H | df | p | |
<6 | 5 | 9.40 | 2.40 | 3.58 | 2 | 0.167 |
6 to 11 | 8 | 11.75 | 2.65 | |||
12 to 17 | 5 | 6.00 | 1.50 | |||
Pairwise Comparisons of Age Groups and School Participation | ||||||
Age Groups | Test Statistic (H) | p | r | |||
Less than 6 years old & between 12 to 17 years old | −2.50 | 0.013 * | −0.59 | |||
Less than 6 years old & between 6 to 11 years old | −3.10 | 0.002 * | −0.73 | |||
Between 12 to 17 years old & between 6 to 11 years old | 0.32 | 0.748 | 0.08 |
A. Frequency of Participation | ||||||
Home | ||||||
Household INCOME | n | MEAN RANKS | Median | H | df | p |
<$52,200 | 6 | 18.57 | 5.80 | 2.81 | 2 | 0.245 |
$52,201 to $156,600 | 6 | 22.19 | 6.20 | |||
>$156,600 | 6 | 15.57 | 5.40 | |||
School | ||||||
n | MEAN RANKS | Median | H | df | p | |
<$52,200 | 6 | 21.93 | 4.80 | 1.39 | 2 | 0.500 |
$52,201 to $156,600 | 6 | 16.72 | 3.30 | |||
>$156,600 | 6 | 20.14 | 4.00 | |||
Community | ||||||
n | MEAN RANKS | Median | H | df | p | |
<$52,200 | 6 | 19.29 | 3.10 | 0.59 | 2 | 0.745 |
$52,201 to $156,600 | 6 | 20.34 | 2.95 | |||
>$156,600 | 6 | 17.32 | 2.65 |
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Pierce, T.; Fiss, A.L. Participation of Children and Youth with and Without Cerebral Palsy Across Settings: An Exploratory Study. Children 2025, 12, 707. https://doi.org/10.3390/children12060707
Pierce T, Fiss AL. Participation of Children and Youth with and Without Cerebral Palsy Across Settings: An Exploratory Study. Children. 2025; 12(6):707. https://doi.org/10.3390/children12060707
Chicago/Turabian StylePierce, Teresa, and Alyssa LaForme Fiss. 2025. "Participation of Children and Youth with and Without Cerebral Palsy Across Settings: An Exploratory Study" Children 12, no. 6: 707. https://doi.org/10.3390/children12060707
APA StylePierce, T., & Fiss, A. L. (2025). Participation of Children and Youth with and Without Cerebral Palsy Across Settings: An Exploratory Study. Children, 12(6), 707. https://doi.org/10.3390/children12060707