Anxiety and Depression and Sleep Problems Among Patients with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Group
2.2. Psychometric Tools
- Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ), developed by Owens, Spirito and McGuinn [52];
- State–Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC), created by a team comprising C.D. Spielberger, C.D. Edwards, R.E. Lushene, J. Montouri and D. Platzek [53];
- Children’s Depression Inventory 2 (CDI 2), authored by M. Kovacs [54].
2.2.1. Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire
2.2.2. State–Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children
2.2.3. Children’s Depression Inventory 2
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.4. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
3.1. Subjects
3.2. Psychological Evaluation
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Jenni, O.G. Sleep and Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Neuropediatrics 2015, 46, 157–158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tamir, S.; Dye, T.J.; Witt, R.M. Sleep and Circadian Disturbances in Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Semin. Pediatr. Neurol. 2023, 48, 101090. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Winsor, A.A.; Richards, C.; Seri, S.; Liew, A.; Bagshaw, A.P. The Contribution of Sleep and Co-Occurring Neurodevelopmental Conditions to Quality of Life in Children with Epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 2023, 194, 107188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wilson, D.A.; Sullivan, R.M.; Smiley, J.F.; Saito, M.; Raineki, C. Developmental Alcohol Exposure Is Exhausting: Sleep and the Enduring Consequences of Alcohol Exposure during Development. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2024, 158, 105567. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Popova, S.; Charness, M.E.; Burd, L.; Crawford, A.; Hoyme, H.E.; Mukherjee, R.A.S.; Riley, E.P.; Elliott, E.J. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers 2023, 9, 11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Roozen, S.; Peters, G.-J.Y.; Kok, G.; Townend, D.; Nijhuis, J.; Curfs, L. Worldwide Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Literature Review Including Meta-Analysis. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2016, 40, 18–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lange, S.; Probst, C.; Gmel, G.; Rehm, J.; Burd, L.; Popova, S. Global Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Among Children and Youth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2017, 171, 948. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Astley, S.J.; Aylward, E.H.; Olson, H.C.; Kerns, K.; Brooks, A.; Coggins, T.E.; Davies, J.; Dorn, S.; Gendler, B.; Jirikowic, T.; et al. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Outcomes from a Comprehensive Magnetic Resonance Study of Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2009, 33, 1671–1689. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dyląg, K.; Sikora-Sporek, A.; Bańdo, B.; Boroń-Zyss, J.; Drożdż, D.; Dumnicka, P.; Przybyszewska, K.; Sporek, M.; Walocha, J.W.; Wojciechowski, W.; et al. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Findings among Children with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), Partial Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (PFAS) and Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorders (ARND). Przegl. Lek. 2016, 73, 605–609. [Google Scholar]
- Donald, K.A.; Eastman, E.; Howells, F.M.; Adnams, C.; Riley, E.P.; Woods, R.P.; Narr, K.L.; Stein, D.J. Neuroimaging Effects of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure on the Developing Human Brain: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Review. Acta Neuropsychiatr. 2015, 27, 251–269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Treit, S.; Jeffery, D.; Beaulieu, C.; Emery, D. Radiological Findings on Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders and Healthy Controls. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2020, 44, 455–462. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhou, D.; Rasmussen, C.; Pei, J.; Andrew, G.; Reynolds, J.N.; Beaulieu, C. Preserved Cortical Asymmetry despite Thinner Cortex in Children and Adolescents with Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Associated Conditions. Hum. Brain Mapp. 2018, 39, 72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- May, P.A.; Blankenship, J.; Marais, A.S.; Gossage, J.P.; Kalberg, W.O.; Joubert, B.; Cloete, M.; Barnard, R.; De Vries, M.; Hasken, J.; et al. Maternal Alcohol Consumption Producing Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD): Quantity, Frequency, and Timing of Drinking. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013, 133, 502–512. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Raldiris, T.L.; Bowers, T.G.; Towsey, C. Comparisons of Intelligence and Behavior in Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder and ADHD. J. Atten. Disord. 2014, 22, 959–970. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Steinhausen, H.C.; Spohr, H.L. Long-Term Outcome of Children with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Psychopathology, Behavior, and Intelligence. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 1998, 22, 334–338. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fuglestad, A.J.; Whitley, M.L.; Carlson, S.M.; Boys, C.J.; Eckerle, J.K.; Fink, B.A.; Wozniak, J.R. Executive Functioning Deficits in Preschool Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. Child Neuropsychol. 2015, 21, 716–731. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kingdon, D.; Cardoso, C.; McGrath, J.J. Research Review: Executive Function Deficits in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder—A Meta-Analysis. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 2016, 57, 116–131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kodituwakku, P.W.; Kalberg, W.; May, P.A. The Effects of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure on Executive Functioning. Alcohol Res. Health 2001, 25, 192. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Rangmar, J.; Sandberg, A.D.; Aronson, M.; Fahlke, C. Cognitive and Executive Functions, Social Cognition and Sense of Coherence in Adults with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. Nord. J. Psychiatry 2015, 69, 1754–1760. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Church, M.W.; Abel, E.L. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. Hearing, Speech, Language, and Vestibular Disorders. Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. N. Am. 1998, 25, 85–97. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Popova, S.; Lange, S.; Burd, L.; Shield, K.; Rehm, J. Cost of Speech-Language Interventions for Children and Youth with Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder in Canada. Int. J. Speech Lang. Pathol. 2014, 16, 571–581. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hamilton, M.A. Linguistic Abilities of Children with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome; University of Washington: Washington, DC, USA, 1981. [Google Scholar]
- Jirikowic, T.; Olson, H.C.; Kartin, D. Sensory Processing, School Performance, and Adaptive Behavior of Young School-Age Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. Phys. Occup. Ther. Pediatr. 2008, 28, 117–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Willford, J.A.; Richardson, G.A.; Leech, S.L.; Day, N.L. Verbal and Visuospatial Learning and Memory Function in Children with Moderate Prenatal Alcohol Exposure. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2004, 28, 497–507. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Timler, G.R.; Olswang, L.B.; Coggins, T.E. “Do I Know What I Need to Do?” A Social Communication Intervention for Children with Complex Clinical Profiles. Lang. Speech Hear. Serv. Sch. 2005, 36, 73–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Coggins, T.E.; Olswang, L.B.; Olson, H.C.; Timler, G.R. On Becoming Socially Competent Communicators: The Challenge for Children with Fetal Alcohol Exposure. Int. Rev. Res. Ment. Retard. 2003, 27, 121–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Franklin, L.; Deitz, J.; Jirikowic, T.; Astley, S. Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: Problem Behaviors and Sensory Processing. Am. J. Occup. Ther. 2008, 62, 265–273. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kodituwakku, P.; Kodituwakku, E. Cognitive and Behavioral Profiles of Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. Curr. Dev. Disord. Rep. 2014, 1, 149–160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kully-Martens, K.; Denys, K.; Treit, S.; Tamana, S.; Rasmussen, C. A Review of Social Skills Deficits in Individuals with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders and Prenatal Alcohol Exposure: Profiles, Mechanisms, and Interventions. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2012, 36, 568–576. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mattson, S.N.; Crocker, N.; Nguyen, T.T. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: Neuropsychological and Behavioral Features. Neuropsychol. Rev. 2011, 21, 81–101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Thomas, S.E.; Kelly, S.J.; Mattson, S.N.; Riley, E.P. Comparison of Social Abilities of Children with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome to Those of Children with Similar IQ Scores and Normal Controls. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 1998, 22, 528. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ase, F.; Ilona, A.R.; Mirjam, K.; Pekka, S.; Eugene, H.H.; Sarah, M.N.; Marit, K. Adaptive Behaviour in Children and Adolescents with Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: A Comparison with Specific Learning Disability and Typical Development. Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 2012, 21, 221–231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Carr, J.L.; Agnihotri, S.; Keightley, M. Sensory Processing and Adaptive Behavior Deficits of Children across the Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Continuum. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2010, 34, 1022–1032. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kautz-Turnbull, C.; Petrenko, C.L.M. A Meta-Analytic Review of Adaptive Functioning in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders, and the Effect of IQ, Executive Functioning, and Age. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2021, 45, 2430–2447. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pei, J.; Denys, K.; Hughes, J.; Rasmussen, C. Mental Health Issues in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder. J. Ment. Health 2011, 20, 473–483. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kamara, D.; Beauchaine, T.P. A Review of Sleep Disturbances among Infants and Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Rev. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 2020, 7, 278–294. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Inkelis, S.M.; Thomas, J.D. Sleep in Infants and Children with Prenatal Alcohol Exposure. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2018, 42, 1390–1405. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yates, J.F.; Troester, M.M.; Ingram, D.G. Sleep in Children with Congenital Malformations of the Central Nervous System. Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep. 2018, 18, 38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hayes, N.; Moritz, K.M.; Reid, N. Parent-Reported Sleep Problems in School-Aged Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: Association with Child Behaviour, Caregiver, and Family Functioning. Sleep Med. 2020, 74, 307–314. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pesonen, A.K.; Räikkönen, K.; Matthews, K.; Heinonen, K.; Paavonen, J.E.; Lahti, J.; Komsi, N.; Lemola, S.; Järvenpää, A.L.; Kajantie, E.; et al. Prenatal Origins of Poor Sleep in Children. Sleep 2009, 32, 1086–1092. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wengel, T.; Hanlon-Dearman, A.C.; Fjeldsted, B. Sleep and Sensory Characteristics in Young Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder. J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr. 2011, 32, 384–392. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mughal, R.; Joyce, A.; Hill, C.; Dimitriou, D. Sleep Disturbance as a Predictor of Anxiety in Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders and Typically Developing Children. Res. Dev. Disabil. 2020, 101, 103610. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dylag, K.A.; Bando, B.; Baran, Z.; Dumnicka, P.; Kowalska, K.; Kulaga, P.; Przybyszewska, K.; Radlinski, J.; Roozen, S.; Curfs, L. Sleep Problems Among Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD)—An Explorative Study. Ital. J. Pediatr. 2021, 47, 113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, M.L.; Olson, H.C.; Picciano, J.F.; Starr, J.R.; Owens, J. Sleep Problems in Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. J. Clin. Sleep Med. 2012, 8, 421–429. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- O’Rourke, C.; Horne, R.S.C.; Nixon, G.M.; Harris, K.R.; Connelly, A.; Crichton, A. Sleep Disturbance in Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder and the Relationship to the Neurodevelopmental Profile. J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr. 2024, 45, e358–e364. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mughal, R.; Hill, C.M.; Joyce, A.; Dimitriou, D. Sleep and Cognition in Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) and Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Brain Sci. 2020, 10, 863. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mughal, R.; Wong, S.S.; Dimitriou, D.; Halstead, E. Nightmares in Children with Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders, Autism Spectrum Disorders, and Their Typically Developing Peers. Clocks Sleep 2021, 3, 465–481. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Benson, A.A.; Mughal, R.; Dimitriou, D.; Halstead, E.J. Towards a Distinct Sleep and Behavioural Profile of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD): A Comparison between FASD, Autism and Typically Developing Children. J. Integr. Neurosci. 2023, 22, 77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chellappa, S.L.; Aeschbach, D. Sleep and Anxiety: From Mechanisms to Interventions. Sleep Med. Rev. 2022, 61, 101583. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhai, L.; Zhang, H.; Zhang, D. Sleep Duration and Depression Among Adults: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies. Depress. Anxiety 2015, 32, 664–670. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Okulicz-Kozaryn, K.; Maryniak, A.; Borkowska, M.; Śmigiel, R.; Dylag, K.A. Diagnosis of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (Fasds): Guidelines of Interdisciplinary Group of Polish Professionals. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 7526. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Owens, J.A.; Spirito, A.; McGuinn, M. The Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ): Psychometric Properties of a Survey Instrument for School-Aged Children. Sleep 2000, 23, 1043–1051. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Spielberger, C.D.; Edwards, C.D.; Lushene, R.E.; Montuori, J.; Platzek, D. State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children: Professional Manual; Mind Garden: Redwood City, CA, USA, 1973. [Google Scholar]
- Kovacs, M. Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI and CDI 2). In The Encyclopedia of Clinical Psychology; Cautin, R.L., Lilienfeld, S.O., Eds.; Wiley: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2015; pp. 1–5. ISBN 978-0-470-67127-6. [Google Scholar]
- Hartini, S.; Sunartini, S.; Herini, E.S.; Takada, S. Item Analysis and Internal Consistency of Children’s Sleep Habit Questionnaire (CSHQ) in Indonesian Version. Belitung Nurs. J. 2017, 3, 645–655. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lucas-de la Cruz, L.; Martínez-Vizcaino, V.; Álvarez-Bueno, C.; Arias-Palencia, N.; Sánchez-López, M.; Notario-Pacheco, B. Reliability and Validity of the Spanish Version of the Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ-SP) in School-Age Children. Child Care Health Dev. 2016, 42, 675–682. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ricci, C.; Schlarb, A.A.; Rothenbacher, D.; Genuneit, J. Digital Media, Book Reading, and Aspects of Sleep and Sleep-Related Fears in Preschoolers: The Ulm SPATZ Health Study. Somnologie 2021, 25, 11–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goodlin-Jones, B.L.; Sitnick, S.L.; Tang, K.; Liu, J.; Anders, T.F. The Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire in Toddlers and Preschool Children. J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr. 2008, 29, 82–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liu, Q.; Gao, F.; Liu, X.; Li, J.; Wang, Y.; Han, J.; Wang, X. Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Offspring Liver Dysfunction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. 2016, 294, 225–231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Breslin, J.; Spanò, G.; Bootzin, R.; Anand, P.; Nadel, L.; Edgin, J. Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome and Cognition in Down Syndrome. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 2014, 56, 657–664. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kim, J.; Chung, H.; Amtmann, D.; Salem, R.; Park, R.; Askew, R.L. Symptoms and Quality of Life Indicators among Children with Chronic Medical Conditions. Disabil. Health J. 2014, 7, 96–104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Delvecchio, E.; Cavallina, C.; Di Riso, D.; Mazzeschi, C. Early Evidence of the Italian Validation of the Trait Anxiety Scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children. Eur. J. Dev. Psychol. 2018, 15, 214–223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Psychountaki, M.; Zervas, Y.; Karteroliotis, K.; Spielberger, C. Reliability and Validity of the Greek Version of the STAIC. Eur. J. Psychol. Assess. 2003, 19, 124–130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baki, O.; Erdogan, A.; Kantarci, O.; Akisik, G.; Kayaalp, L.; Yalcinkaya, C. Anxiety and Depression in Children with Epilepsy and Their Mothers. Epilepsy Behav. 2004, 5, 958–964. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vila, G.; Nollet-Clémençon, C.; De Blic, J.; Falissard, B.; Mouren-Simeoni, M.C.; Scheinmann, P. Assessment of Anxiety Disorders in Asthmatic Children. Psychosomatics 1999, 40, 404–413. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jaworowska, A. Inwentarz Stanu i Cechy Lęku Dla Dzieci; Pracownia Testów Psychologicznych Polskiego Towarzystwa Psychologicznego: Warszawa, Poland, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Cumba-Avilés, E. Systematic Review on the Use of the Children’s Depression Inventory-2 among Hispanics. Hisp. J. Behav. Sci. 2020, 42, 191–214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cho, Y.; Lee, E.H.; Hong, S.H.; Joung, Y.S.; Kim, J.H. Reliability and Validity of the Korean Version of Children’s Depression Inventory 2 Short Version as a Screening Tool: A Comparison with the Standard 28-Item Version. Psychiatry Investig. 2022, 19, 54–60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wrocławska-Warchala, E.; Wujcik, R. CDI 2 Zestaw Kwestionariuszy Do Diagnozy Depresji u Dzieci i Młodzieży; Pracownia Testów Psychologicznych Polskiego Towarzystwa Psychologicznego: Warszawa, Poland, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Amigo-Vázquez, I.; Busto-Zapico, R.; Peña-Suárez, E.; Fernández-Rodríguez, C. The Influence of Sleep and Emotional States on Childhood Body Mass Index. An. Pediatr. 2015, 82, 83–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fayad, P.; Hussein, M.; Hussein, S. Sleepy and Anxious: Sleep and State/Trait Anxiety and Anxiety Disorders in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Literature Review. Undergrad. Res. Nat. Clin. Sci. Technol. J. 2021, 5, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, A.L.; Micov, V.B.; Kwarteng, F.; Wang, R.; Hausknecht, K.A.; Oubraim, S.; Haj-Dahmane, S.; Shen, R.Y. Prenatal Ethanol Exposure Leads to Persistent Anxiety-like Behavior during Adulthood Indicated by Reduced Horizontal and Vertical Exploratory Behaviors. Front. Neurosci. 2023, 17, 1163575. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lam, V.Y.Y.; Raineki, C.; Wang, L.Y.; Chiu, M.; Lee, G.; Ellis, L.; Yu, W.; Weinberg, J. Role of Corticosterone in Anxiety- and Depressive-like Behavior and HPA Regulation Following Prenatal Alcohol Exposure. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2019, 90, 1–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hellemans, K.G.C.; Verma, P.; Yoon, E.; Yu, W.; Weinberg, J. Prenatal Alcohol Exposure Increases Vulnerability to Stress and Anxiety-like Disorders in Adulthood. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2008, 1144, 154–175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tan, G.K.Y.; Symons, M.; Fitzpatrick, J.; Connor, S.G.; Cross, D.; Pestell, C.F. Adverse Childhood Experiences, Associated Stressors and Comorbidities in Children and Youth with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder across the Justice and Child Protection Settings in Western Australia. BMC Pediatr. 2022, 22, 587. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rockhold, M.N.; Kautz-Turnbull, C.; Handley, E.D.; Petrenko, C.L.M. The Trauma Experiences of Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: Developmental Outcomes Utilizing a Threat/Deprivation Child Adversity Framework. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 2023, 47, 1722–1735. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Orton, S.M.; Millis, K.; Choate, P. Epigenetics of Trauma Transmission and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: What Does the Evidence Support? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 6706. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rice, L.J.; Tsang, T.W.; Carter, E.; Hand, M.; Davies, J.; Thomas, S.; Bedford, E.; Bear, E.; Carter, C.; Cannon, L.; et al. Bigiswun Kid Project: A Longitudinal Study of Adolescents Living with High Rates of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure, Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder and Early Life Trauma in Remote Australian Aboriginal Communities. BMJ Open 2022, 12, e058111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vieco-García, A.; López-Picado, A.; Fuentes, M.; Francisco-González, L.; Joyanes, B.; Soto, C.; Aldea, A.G.d.l.; Gonzalez-Perrino, C.; Aleo, E. Comparison of Different Scales for the Evaluation of Anxiety and Compliance with Anesthetic Induction in Children Undergoing Scheduled Major Outpatient Surgery. Perioper. Med. 2021, 10, 58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Crowe, K.; Spiro-Levitt, C. Sleep-Related Problems and Pediatric Anxiety Disorders. Child Adolesc. Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am. 2021, 30, 209–224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Petrenko, C.L.M.; Alto, M.E. Interventions in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: An International Perspective. Eur. J. Med. Genet. 2017, 60, 79–91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bobbitt, S.A.; Baugh, L.A.; Andrew, G.H.; Cook, J.L.; Green, C.R.; Pei, J.R.; Rasmussen, C.R. Caregiver Needs and Stress in Caring for Individuals with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder. Res. Dev. Disabil. 2016, 55, 100–113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ilchena, C.; Slayen, C.; Rennie, S.; Cheung, K.; Gaulke, T.; Theule, J. Parenting Stress and FASD: A Scoping Review. Res. Dev. Disabil. 2023, 137, 104498. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chandler-Mather, N.; Occhipinti, S.; Donovan, C.; Shelton, D.; Dawe, S. An Investigation of the Link Between Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Sleep Problems Across Childhood. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2021, 218, 108412. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chandler-Mather, N.; Crichton, A.; Shelton, D.; Harris, K.; Donovan, C.; Dawe, S. Carer-Reported Sleep Disturbance and Carer- and Teacher-Rated Executive Functioning in Children with Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder. Child Neuropsychol. 2024, 30, 1–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zaboski, B.A.; Storch, E.A. Comorbid Autism Spectrum Disorder and Anxiety Disorders: A Brief Review. Future Neurol. 2018, 13, 31–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vasa, R.A.; Keefer, A.; McDonald, R.G.; Hunsche, M.C.; Kerns, C.M. A Scoping Review of Anxiety in Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism Res. 2020, 13, 2038–2057. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Halvorsen, M.; Mathiassen, B.; Myrbakk, E.; Brøndbo, P.H.; Sætrum, A.; Steinsvik, O.O.; Martinussen, M. Neurodevelopmental Correlates of Behavioural and Emotional Problems in a Neuropaediatric Sample. Res. Dev. Disabil. 2019, 85, 217–228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Alarachi, A.; Merrifield, C.; Rowa, K.; McCabe, R.E. Are We Measuring ADHD or Anxiety? Examining the Factor Structure and Discriminant Validity of the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale in an Adult Anxiety Disorder Population. Assessment 2024, 31, 1508–1524. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Koyuncu, A.; Ayan, T.; Ince Guliyev, E.; Erbilgin, S.; Deveci, E. ADHD and Anxiety Disorder Comorbidity in Children and Adults: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges. Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 2022, 24, 129–140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shapiro, Z.R.; Kable, J.A.; Grant, T.M.; Stoner, S.A.; Coles, C.D. Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Cognition at Midlife: Evidence of Fluid Cognition Deficits in Two Cohorts. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 2023, 47, 1978–1988. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Skorka, K.; Copley, J.; McBryde, C.; Meredith, P.J.; Reid, N. Lived Experiences of Adolescents with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 2022, 64, 1547–1555. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Popova, S.; Lange, S.; Shield, K.; Mihic, A.; Chudley, A.E.; Mukherjee, R.A.S.; Bekmuradov, D.; Rehm, J. Comorbidity of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Lancet 2016, 387, 978–987. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hellemans, K.G.C.; Sliwowska, J.H.; Verma, P.; Weinberg, J. Prenatal Alcohol Exposure: Fetal Programming and Later Life Vulnerability to Stress, Depression and Anxiety Disorders. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2010, 34, 791–807. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brocardo, P.S.; Gil-Mohapel, J.; Christie, B.R. The Role of Oxidative Stress in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. Brain Res. Rev. 2011, 67, 209–225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Senturias, Y.; Ali, M.M.; West, K. Psychotropic Medication Utilization Among Children Diagnosed with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder. Pediatrics 2022, 150, e2022056797. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Flannigan, K.; Poole, N.; Cook, J.; Unsworth, K. Sex-Related Differences among Individuals Assessed for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder in Canada. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 2023, 47, 613–623. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Asarnow, L.D. Depression and Sleep: What Has the Treatment Research Revealed and Could the HPA Axis Be a Potential Mechanism? Curr. Opin. Psychol. 2020, 34, 112–116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Labad, J.; Salvat-Pujol, N.; Armario, A.; Cabezas, Á.; de Arriba-Arnau, A.; Nadal, R.; Martorell, L.; Urretavizcaya, M.; Monreal, J.A.; Crespo, J.M.; et al. The Role of Sleep Quality, Trait Anxiety and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Measures in Cognitive Abilities of Healthy Individuals. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7600. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Buckley, T.M.; Schatzberg, A.F. On the Interactions of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis and Sleep: Normal HPA Axis Activity and Circadian Rhythm, Exemplary Sleep Disorders. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2005, 90, 3106–3114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nicolaides, N.C.; Charmandari, E.; Chrousos, G.P.; Kino, T. Circadian Endocrine Rhythms: The Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis and Its Actions. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2014, 1318, 71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Juruena, M.F.; Eror, F.; Cleare, A.J.; Young, A.H. The Role of Early Life Stress in HPA Axis and Anxiety. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2020, 1191, 141–153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lader, M. Sleep and Anxiety Disorders. Dialogues Clin. Neurosci. 2003, 5, 249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Almeida, F.B.; Pinna, G.; Barros, H.M.T. The Role of HPA Axis and Allopregnanolone on the Neurobiology of Major Depressive Disorders and PTSD. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 5495. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Weyrauch, D.; Schwartz, M.; Hart, B.; Klug, M.G.; Burd, L. Comorbid Mental Disorders in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review. J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr. 2017, 38, 283–291. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Valid n (% of the Whole Studied Group) | Values in Studied Group | |
---|---|---|
Age, years | 90 (100) | 10.5 (9; 12) |
Male sex, n (%) | 90 (100) | 49 (54.4) |
Type of care: | 90 (100) | |
Adoptive family, n (%) | 46 (51.1) | |
Foster care, n (%) | 23 (25.6) | |
Institutional care, n (%) | 12 (13.3) | |
Biological family, n (%) | 9 (10.0) | |
STAIC C-1 | 80 (88.9) | 26 (23; 31) |
STAIC C-1, centiles | 80 (88.9) | 45 (24; 72) |
STAIC C-2 | 80 (88.9) | 34 (29.5; 40.5) |
STAIC C-2, centiles | 79 (87.8) | 71 (49; 88) |
CDI 2:SR(S) TS | 89 (98.9) | 5 (3; 8) |
CDI 2:SR(S) TS, centiles | 89 (98.9) | 72 (35; 79) |
CDI 2:P TS | 90 (100) | 17.5 (13; 22) |
CDI 2:P TS, centiles | 90 (100) | 84 (64; 94) |
CDI 2:P EP | 90 (100) | 7.5 (4; 10) |
CDI 2:P EP, centiles | 90 (100) | 85 (59; 94) |
CDI 2:P FP | 90 (100) | 10 (7; 13) |
CDI 2:P FP, centiles | 90 (100) | 59 (51; 67) |
Valid n (% of the Entire Studied Group) | Values in the Studied Group | |
---|---|---|
CSHQ Bedtime Resistance, Points | 90 (100) | 8 (6; 10) |
CSHQ Sleep-onset Delay, Points | 90 (100) | 1 (1; 2) |
CSHQ Sleep Duration, Points | 90 (100) | 4 (3; 5) |
CSHQ Sleep Anxiety, Points | 90 (100) | 5 (4; 7) |
CSHQ Night Wakings, Points | 90 (100) | 3 (3; 5) |
CSHQ Parasomnias, Points | 90 (100) | 9 (7; 10) |
CSHQ Sleep-Distorted Breathing, Points | 90 (100) | 3 (3; 5) |
CSHQ Daytime Sleepiness, Points | 90 (100) | 12 (10; 15) |
CSHQ Total Sleep Disturbance Score, Points | 90 (100) | 45 (41; 50) |
CSHQ Total Sleep Disturbance Score > 41, n (%) | 90 (100) | 64 (71.1) |
Bedtime Resistance, Points | Sleep Anxiety, Points | |
---|---|---|
STAIC C-1 | r = 0.30; p = 0.008 | r = 0.31; p = 0.005 |
STAIC C-1, centiles | r = 0.31; p = 0.005 | r = 0.38; p < 0.001 |
Parasomnias, Points | Daytime Sleepiness, Points | |
---|---|---|
CDI 2:SR(S) TS | r = −0.22; p = 0.037 | NS |
CDI 2:SR(S) TS, centiles | r = −0.26; p = 0.015 | NS |
CDI 2:P TS | NS | r = 0.32; p = 0.002 |
CDI 2:P TS, centiles | NS | r = 0.34; p = 0.001 |
CDI 2:P EP | r = 0.33; p = 0.002 | r = 0.34; p < 0.001 |
CDI 2:P EP, centiles | NS | r = 0.21; p = 0.045 |
CDI 2:P FP | NS | NS |
CDI 2:P FP, centiles | r = 0.23; p = 0.028 | r = 0.37; p < 0.001 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Dyląg, K.A.; Wieczorek-Stawińska, W.; Cichoń-Chojnacka, A.; Piaskowska, A.; Jaroszewska, K.; Wasiak, K.; Jagła, T.; Frączek, J.; Abram, A.; Costanzo, A.; et al. Anxiety and Depression and Sleep Problems Among Patients with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. Children 2025, 12, 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/children12010001
Dyląg KA, Wieczorek-Stawińska W, Cichoń-Chojnacka A, Piaskowska A, Jaroszewska K, Wasiak K, Jagła T, Frączek J, Abram A, Costanzo A, et al. Anxiety and Depression and Sleep Problems Among Patients with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. Children. 2025; 12(1):1. https://doi.org/10.3390/children12010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleDyląg, Katarzyna Anna, Wiktoria Wieczorek-Stawińska, Agata Cichoń-Chojnacka, Anna Piaskowska, Katarzyna Jaroszewska, Kornelia Wasiak, Tomasz Jagła, Julia Frączek, Aneta Abram, Adriana Costanzo, and et al. 2025. "Anxiety and Depression and Sleep Problems Among Patients with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders" Children 12, no. 1: 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/children12010001
APA StyleDyląg, K. A., Wieczorek-Stawińska, W., Cichoń-Chojnacka, A., Piaskowska, A., Jaroszewska, K., Wasiak, K., Jagła, T., Frączek, J., Abram, A., Costanzo, A., Landri, F., Dumnicka, P., & Popiołek, L. (2025). Anxiety and Depression and Sleep Problems Among Patients with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. Children, 12(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/children12010001