Recognizing the Frequency of Exposure to Cyberbullying in Children: The Results of the National HBSC Study in Serbia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design and Sample
2.2. Variables of Interest in the Study
- “I have not been abused in this way in the past couple of months”—non-victim of cyberbullying;
- “Once or twice”—victim of cyberbullying at least once;
- “Two/three times a month; About once a week; Several times a week”;—victim of cyberbullying multiple times;
- “I don’t know/no answer”—missing.
- Non-victims to those who were cyberbullied at least once (Model 1);
- Non-victims to those who were cyberbullied multiple times (Model 2);
- Those who were cyberbullied at least once to those who were cyberbullied multiple times (Model 3).
Health Characteristics
- “During the past week, how many days have you spent in physical activity at least one hour daily?”, and possible responses were ranked on a 4-point Likert scale: 1 = none; 2 = 1–2 days; 3 = 3–4 days; and 4 = 5–7 days.
- “During your free time, how frequently have you exercised intensely with a breath loss or getting sweaty?”, and responses were ranked on a 4-point Likert scale: 1 = rarely/never; 2 = once monthly; 3 = once weekly; and 4 = several times per week/every day.
- “Ever in life?”, and answers were given on a 5-point Likert scale from 1 to 5, where 1 = never; 2 = 1–2 days; 3 = 3–5 days; 4 = 6–9 days; and 5 = 10 or more days.
- “During the last 30 days?”, and answers were ranked on a 5-point Likert scale: 1 = I do not smoke; 2 = 1–2 days; 3 = 3–5 days; 4 = 6–9 days; and 5 = 10 or more days.
- “Ever in life?” Answers were ranked on a 5-point Likert scale: 1 = no, never; 2 = yes, once; 3 = yes, 2/3 times; 4 = yes, 4–10 times; and 5 = yes, >10 times.
- “During the last 30 days?” Answers were ranked on a 5-point Likert scale: 1 = no, never; 2 = yes, once; 3 = yes, 2/3 times; 4 = yes, 4–10 times; and 5 = yes, >10 times.
2.3. Statistical Analysis
- In Model 1, the reference was “never exposed (none) (0)” versus “exposed at least once (1)”.
- In Model 2, the reference was “never exposed (none) (0)” versus “exposed multiple times (1)”.
- In Model 3, the reference was “exposed at least once (0)” versus “exposed multiple times (1)”.
3. Results
3.1. Cybervictims versus Non-Victims: Health Issues and Risky Behavior
3.2. Cybervictimization Once versus Multiple Times: Health Issues and Risky Behavior
3.3. Health and Risky Behavior Factors Associated with Cybervictimization
3.4. Health and Risk Behavior Profiles
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Health Characteristics | Sample n (%) | Cybervictimization Prevalence (% and 95% Confidence Level) | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
At Least Once | Multiple Times | Total | |||
Body mass index—BMI (response rate 91.5%) | |||||
Underweight | 125 (4.2) | 6.4 (2.1–10.7) | 4.8 (1.1–8.5) | 10.8 (5.4–16.1) | 0.291 |
Normal weight | 2409 (80.6) | 8.9 (7.7–10.0) | 2.8 (2.2–3.5) | 11.6 (10.3–12.9) | <0.001 |
Overweight | 369 (12.3) | 10.0 (7.0–13.1) | 4.6 (2.5–6.7) | 14.4 (10.9–18.0) | 0.002 |
Obese | 86 (2.9) | 3.5 (−0.4–7.4) | 4.7 (0.2–9.1) | 8.0 (2.3–13.8) | 0.350 |
p | <0.001 | 0.107 | 0.078 | 0.271 | |
During the last six months, how frequently have you felt any of the following? | |||||
Headache (response rate 95.9%) | |||||
Rarely/never | 1783 (56.9) | 5.8 (4.7–6.9) | 2.2 (1.5–2.9) | 7.9 (6.6–9.1) | <0.001 |
Almost every week | 523 (16.7) | 10.5 (7.9–13.1) | 3.8 (2.2–5.5) | 14.2 (11.2–17.2) | <0.001 |
Almost every day | 828 (26.4) | 13.9 (11.5–16.2) | 4.7 (3.3–6.2) | 18.5 (15.8–21.1) | <0.001 |
p | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.002 | <0.001 | |
Stomach pain (response rate 95.3%) | |||||
Rarely/never | 1485 (47.7) | 6.3 (5.0–7.5) | 2.5 (1.7–3.3) | 8.6 (7.2–10.0) | <0.001 |
Almost every week | 1018 (32.7) | 9.6 (7.8–11.4) | 2.3 (1.3–3.2) | 11.8 (9.8–13.8) | <0.001 |
Almost every day | 611 (19.6) | 13.6 (10.9–16.3) | 6.1 (4.2–7.9) | 19.5 (16.4–22.6) | <0.001 |
p | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Back pain (response rate 95.0%) | |||||
Rarely/never | 2027 (65.3) | 6.8 (5.7–7.9) | 2.1 (1.5–2.7) | 8.8 (7.6–10.0) | <0.001 |
Almost every week | 471 (15.2) | 11.9 (9.0–14.8) | 2.3 (1.0–3.7) | 14.1 (11.0–17.3) | <0.001 |
Almost every day | 607 (19.5) | 13.0 (10.3–15.7) | 6.6 (4.6–8.6) | 19.5 (16.3–22.6) | <0.001 |
p | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Depression (response rate 93.3%) | |||||
Rarely/never | 1986 (65.2) | 6.1 (5.1–7.2) | 2.5 (1.8–3.1) | 8.5 (7.3–9.7) | <0.001 |
Almost every week | 410 (13.5) | 11.0 (7.9–14.0) | 1.7 (0.5–3.0) | 12.6 (9.4–15.8) | <0.001 |
Almost every day | 652 (21.4) | 16.0 (13.1–18.8) | 5.7 (3.9–7.5) | 21.6 (18.4–24.7) | <0.001 |
p | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Irritability or bad mood (response rate 94.0%) | |||||
Rarely/never | 1058 (34.5) | 3.8 (2.6–4.9) | 2.5 (1.5–3.4) | 6.1 (4.7–7.6) | 0.040 |
Almost every week | 753 (24.5) | 7.6 (5.7–9.5) | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) | 9.5 (7.4–11.6) | <0.001 |
Almost every day | 1259 (41.0) | 13.7 (11.8–15.6) | 4.1 (3.0–5.1) | 17.7 (15.6–19.8) | <0.001 |
p | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.086 | <0.001 | |
Nervousness (response rate 95.0%) | |||||
Rarely/never | 786 (25.3) | 3.3 (2.0–4.5) | 2.0 (1.0–2.9) | 5.0 (3.5–6.5) | 0.054 |
Almost every week | 618 (19.9) | 7.3 (5.2–9.3) | 1.3 (0.4–2.2) | 8.4 (6.3–10.6) | <0.001 |
Almost every day | 1700 (54.8) | 12.0 (10.5–13.5) | 4.1 (3.2–5.1) | 16.0 (14.2–17.7) | <0.001 |
p | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Problems with sleep (response rate 94.4%) | |||||
Rarely/never | 1965 (63.7) | 7.0 (5.9–8.2) | 2.6 (1.9–3.4) | 9.5 (8.2–10.8) | <0.001 |
Almost every week | 320 (10.4) | 10.9 (7.5–14.4) | 1.9 (0.4–3.4) | 12.9 (9.2–16.6) | <0.001 |
Almost every day | 799 (25.9) | 12.1 (9.9–14.4) | 4.1 (2.8–5.5) | 16.1 (13.6–18.6) | <0.001 |
p | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.055 | <0.001 | |
Dizziness (response rate 94.8%) | |||||
Rarely/never | 2447 (79.0) | 7.8 (6.7–8.8) | 2.1 (1.6–2.7) | 9.8 (8.6–10.9) | <0.001 |
Almost every week | 299 (9.7) | 11.4 (7.8–15.0) | 5.0 (2.5–7.5) | 16.3 (12.1–20.4) | 0.002 |
Almost every day | 352 (11.4) | 13.9 (10.3–17.5) | 7.4 (4.7–10.1) | 21.2 (17.0–25.5) | 0.002 |
p | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
What do you think your health is like? (response rate 96.2%) | |||||
Excellent | 2052 (65.3) | 7.2 (6.0–8.3) | 2.9 (2.2–3.7) | 9.9 (8.7–11.2) | <0.001 |
Very good | 778 (24.7) | 10.2 (8.0–12.3) | 2.4 (1.4–3.5) | 12.5 (10.2–14.8) | <0.001 |
Good | 268 (8.5) | 15.3 (11.0–19.6) | 5.6 (2.8–8.3) | 20.6 (15.8–25.4) | <0.001 |
Bad | 46 (1.5) | 8.7 (0.6–16.8) | 13.0 (3.3–22.8) | 20.4 (9.1–31.7) | 0.251 |
p | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
During the last 12 months, how many times have you been injured and needed a physician or nurse’s attention? (response rate 99.0%) | |||||
Over the last 12 months I had no injuries | 1823 (57.5) | 7.4 (6.2–8.5) | 37.0 (36.4–37.4) | 14.6 (13.0–16.2) | <0.001 |
Once | 704 (22.2) | 10.5 (8.2–12.8) | 26.0 (24.6–27.4) | 20.9 (17.9–23.9) | <0.001 |
Twice | 332 (10.5) | 10.2 (7.0–13.5) | 13.0 (10.9–15.1) | 20.0 (15.7–24.3) | <0.001 |
Three times | 135 (4.3) | 7.4 (3.0–11.8) | 3.0 (0.5–5.5) | 14.7 (8.8–20.7) | 0.023 |
Four and more times | 178 (5.6) | 13.5 (8.5–18.5) | 22.0 (17.2–26.8) | 25.7 (20.3–33.3) | 0.375 |
p | <0.001 | 0.008 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
During the past week, how many days have you engaged in physical activity at least one hour daily? (response rate 96.5%) | |||||
None | 155 (4.9) | 12.9 (7.6–18.2) | 7.1 (3.1–11.1) | 19.5 (13.3–25.7) | 0.044 |
1–2 days | 436 (13.8) | 9.6 (6.9–12.4) | 3.9 (2.1–5.7) | 13.3 (10.1–16.4) | <0.001 |
3–4 days | 776 (24.6) | 9.3 (7.2–11.3) | 2.2 (1.2–3.2) | 11.3 (9.1–13.5) | <0.001 |
5–7 days | 1786 (56.6) | 7.7 (6.4–8.9) | 2.9 (2.1–3.7) | 10.5 (9.1–11.9) | <0.001 |
p | <0.001 | 0.035 | 0.003 | <0.001 | |
During your free time, how frequently have you exercised intensely with a loss of breath or getting sweaty? (response rate 94.9%) | |||||
Rarely/never | 516 (16.7) | 8.1 (5.8–10.5) | 4.5 (2.7–6.2) | 12.4 (9.6–15.3) | 0.007 |
Once monthly | 187 (6.0) | 12.3 (7.6–17.0) | 4.3 (1.4–7.2) | 16.6 (11.2–21.9) | 0.002 |
Once weekly | 373 (12.0) | 10.7 (7.6–13.9) | 2.1 (0.7–3.6) | 12.7 (9.4–16.1) | <0.001 |
Several times per week/every day | 2023 (65.3) | 8.2 (7.0–9.4) | 2.8 (2.1–3.5) | 10.9 (9.5–12.2) | <0.001 |
p | <0.001 | 0.056 | 0.051 | 0.093 |
Risky Behavior | Sample n (%) | Cybervictimization Prevalence (% and 95% Confidence Interval) | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
At Least Once | Multiple Times | Total | |||
How often (if so, in days) have you smoked cigarettes, ever in life? (response rate 96.4%) | |||||
Never | 2588 (82.4) | 8.0 (6.9–9.0) | 2.2 (1.6–2.7) | 10.1 (9.0–11.3) | <0.001 |
1–2 days | 160 (5.1) | 13.8 (8.4–19.1) | 5.0 (1.6–8.4) | 18.8 (12.7–24.8) | 0.004 |
3–5 days | 66 (2.1) | 12.1 (4.2–20.0) | 9.1 (2.2–16.0) | 21.2 (11.3–31.1) | 0.286 |
6–9 days | 26 (0.8) | 15.4 (1.5–29.3) | 11.5 (−0.7–23.8) | 26.9 (9.9–44.0) | 0.342 |
10 and more days | 299 (9.5) | 11.0 (7.5–14.5) | 8.0 (4.9–11.1) | 19.4 (14.9–23.9) | 0.084 |
p | <0.001 | 0.022 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
How often (if so, in days) did you smoke cigarettes during the last 30 days? (response rate 95.9%) | |||||
I don’t smoke | 204 (37.9) | 12.7 (8.2–17.3) | 3.9 (1.3–6.6) | 16.7 (11.6–21.8) | <0.001 |
1–2 days | 60 (11.2) | 15.0 (6.0–24.0) | 6.7 (0.4–13.0) | 21.7 (11.2–32.1) | 0.071 |
3–5 days | 32 (5.9) | 21.9 (7.6–36.2) | 9.4 (−0.7–19.5) | 31.3 (15.2–47.3) | 0.084 |
6–9 days | 27 (5.0) | 18.5 (3.9–33.2) | 7.4 (−2.5–17.3) | 25.9 (9.4–42.5) | 0.112 |
10 and more days | 215 (40.0) | 9.3 (5.4–13.2) | 9.8 (5.8–13.7) | 19.1 (13.8–24.3) | 0.434 |
p | <0.001 | 0.211 | 0.219 | 0.311 | |
How often do you currently smoke cigarettes? (response rate 98.4%) | |||||
Less than once weekly | 58 (18.6) | 15.5 (6.2–24.8) | 5.2 (−0.5–10.9) | 20.7 (10.3–31.1) | 0.034 |
At least once weekly but not every day | 68 21.8) | 13.2 (5.2–21.3) | 4.4 (−0.5–9.3) | 17.6 (8.6–26.7) | 0.035 |
Every day | 186 (59.6) | 9.1 (5.0–13.3) | 11.3 (6.7–15.8) | 20.4 (14.6–26.2) | 0.247 |
p | <0.001 | 0.339 | 0.130 | 0.873 | |
Have you drank so much alcohol that you got really drunk ever in life? (response rate 97.1%) | |||||
No, never | 2221 (70.0) | 7.5 (6.4–8.6) | 1.9 (1.3–2.5) | 9.4 (8.2–10.6) | <0.001 |
Yes, once | 474 (14.9) | 13.1 (10.0–16.1) | 4.2 (2.4–6.0) | 17.3 (13.9–20.7) | <0.001 |
Yes, 2/3 times | 232 (7.3) | 13.4 (9.0–17.7) | 3.0 (0.8–5.2) | 16.4 (11.6–21.1) | <0.001 |
Yes, 4–10 times | 105 (3.3) | 5.7 (1.3–10.2) | 6.7 (1.9–11.4) | 12.4 (6.1–18.7) | 0.387 |
Yes, >10 times | 141 (4.4) | 7.1 (2.9–11.3) | 17.0 (10.8–23.2) | 24.1 (17.1–31.2) | 0.005 |
p | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Did you drink so much alcohol so that you got really drunk during the last 30 days? (response rate 96.5%) | |||||
No, never | 533 (58.0) | 11.6 (8.9–14.4) | 3.8 (2.1–5.4) | 15.4 (12.3–18.4) | <0.001 |
Yes, once | 227 (24.7) | 15.9 (11.0–20.8) | 3.5 (1.1–5.9) | 19.4 (14.2–24.5) | <0.001 |
Yes, 2/3 times | 81 (8.8) | 6.2 (0.9–11.4) | 7.4 (1.7–13.1) | 13.6 (6.1–21.0) | 0.377 |
Yes, 4–10 times | 24 (2.6) | 12.5 (−0.7–25.7) | 20.8 (4.6–37.1) | 33.3 (14.5–52.2) | 0.219 |
Yes, >10 times | 54 (5.9) | 3.7 (−1.3–8.7) | 29.6 (17.5–41.8) | 33.3 (20.8–45.9) | <0.001 |
p | <0.001 | 0.049 | <0.001 | 0.003 | |
When you drink alcohol, in a typical day, how many alcoholic beverages do you drink? (response rate 74.6%) | |||||
≤1 drink | 117 (16.5) | 13.7 (7.4–19.9) | 3.4 (0.1–6.7) | 17.1 (10.3–23.9) | 0.003 |
2/3 drinks | 304 (43.0) | 9.9 (6.5–13.2) | 4.3 (2.0–6.6) | 14.1 (10.2–18.1) | 0.004 |
≥4 drinks | 286 (40.5) | 12.2 (8.4–16.0) | 9.4 (6.1–12.8) | 21.7 (16.9–26.5) | 0.141 |
p | <0.001 | 0.473 | 0.013 | 0.056 |
Variables | Univariate Logistic Regression (Odds Ratio—OR and Confidence Interval—CI) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Model 1: Non-Cybervictim versus Cybervictim at Least Once | Model 2: Non-Cybervictim versus Cybervictim Multiple Times | Model 3: Cybervictim at Least Once versus Multiple Times | |
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Health characteristics | |||
Body mass index | |||
Normal weight | / | 1 | 1 |
Underweight | / | 1.69 (0.72–3.98) | 2.36 (0.79–7.04) |
Overweight | / | 1.69 (0.98–2.91) | 1.45 (0.77–2.73) |
Obese | / | 1.58 (0.56–4.45) | 4.20 (0.92–19.2) |
During last six months, how frequently have you felt any of the following? | |||
Headache | |||
Rarely/never | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Almost every week | 1.96 *** (1.39–2.76) | 1.88 * (1.09–3.25) | 0.96 (0.51–1.80) |
Almost every day | 2.72 *** (2.05–3.60) | 2.44 *** (1.55–3.83) | 0.90 (0.53–1.50) |
Stomach pain | |||
Rarely/never | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Almost every week | 1.59 ** (1.18–2.14) | 0.94 (0.55–1.59) | 0.59 (0.33–1.07) |
Almost every day | 2.46 *** (1.80–3.37) | 2.76 *** (1.73–4.40) | 1.12 (0.65–1.93) |
Back pain | |||
Rarely/never | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Almost every week | 1.85 *** (1.34–2.58) | 1.17 (0.60–2.29) | 0.63 (0.30–1.31) |
Almost every day | 2.17 *** (1.61–2.91) | 3.52 *** (2.26–5.47) | 1.63 (0.97–2.71) |
Depression | |||
Rarely/never | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Almost every week | 1.87 ** (1.30–2.68) | 0.72 (0.33–1.61) | 1.13 (0.68–1.86) |
Almost every day | 3.03 *** (2.29–4.00) | 2.68 *** (1.73–4.16) | 0.44 (0.18–1.05) |
Irritability or bad mood | |||
Rarely/never | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Almost every week | 2.08 ** (1.37–3.15) | 0.84 (0.44–1.60) | 0.45 ** (0.25–0.81) |
Almost every day | 4.15 *** (2.91–5.91) | 1.88 * (1.16–3.04) | 0.40 * (0.19–0.86) |
Nervousness | |||
Rarely/never | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Almost every week | 2.38 ** (1.44–3.92) | 0.70 (0.30–1.67) | 1.75 (0.87–3.51) |
Almost every day | 4.27 *** (2.79–6.53) | 2.44 *** (1.39–4.29) | 0.52 (0.23–1.15) |
Problems with sleep | |||
Rarely/never | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Almost every week | 1.61 * (1.09–2.39) | 0.73 (0.31–1.73) | 0.46 (0.18–1.15) |
Almost every day | 1.87 *** (1.42–2.45) | 1.68 * (1.08–2.63) | 0.90 (0.54–1.50) |
Dizziness | |||
Rarely/never | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Almost every week | 1.58 * (1.07–2.33) | 2.54 ** (1.41–4.59) | 1.61 (0,82–3.18) |
Almost every day | 2.05 *** (1.46–2.88) | 3.98 *** (2.45–6.48) | 1.94 * (1.10–3.41) |
What do you think your health is like? | |||
Excellent | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Very good | 1.74 (0.59–5.16) | 0.42 (0.16–1.17) | 3.68 (1.00–13.5) |
Good | 1.05 (0.36–3.02) | 0.20 *** (0.08–0.48) | 0.90 (0.46–1.74) |
Bad | 0.72 (0.25–2.04) | 0.17 *** (0.06–0.45) | 0.59 (0.33–1.06) |
During the last 12 months, how many times have you been injured and needed a physician or nurse’s attention? | |||
Over the last 12 months I had no injuries | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Once or twice | 1.50 ** (1.15–1.96) | 1.96 ** (1.24–3.09) | 1.31 (0.78–2.19) |
Three or more times | 1.65 * (1.11–2.46) | 4.40 *** (2.60–7.42) | 2.66 **(1.42–5.01) |
During the past week, how many days have you engaged in physical activity at least one hour daily? | |||
None | 1 | 1 | 1 |
1–2 days | 0.69 (0.39–1.22) | 0.51 (0.23–1.12) | 0.74 (0.29–1.86) |
3–4 days | 0.65 (0.38–1.11) | 0.37 ** (0.19–0.72) | 0.43 (0.17–1.06) |
5–7 days | 0.53 * (0.32–0.88) | 0.28 ** (0.13–0.61) | 0.69 (0.31–1.54) |
During your free time, how frequently have you exercised intensely with a loss of breath or getting sweaty? | |||
Rarely/never | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Once monthly | 1.58 (0.92–2.72) | 1.01 (0.44–2.29) | 1.62 (0.90–2.93) |
Once weekly | 1.32 (0.84–2.09) | 0.48 (0.21–1.09) | 1.03 (0.44–2.44) |
Several times per week/every day | 0.99 (0.70–1.41) | 0.61 (0.37–1.00) | 0.59 (0.26–1.34) |
Risky behavior | |||
How often (if so, in days) have you smoked cigarettes ever in life? | |||
Never | 1 | 1 | 1 |
1–2 days | 1.74 (0.81–3.73) | 2.56 * (1.19–5.47) | 1.34 (0.57–3.17) |
3–5 days | 1.59 * (1.10–2.30) | 4.15 ** (2.58–6.69) | 2.76 (0.92–8.28) |
≥6 days | 1.91 ** (1.19–3.07) | 4.79 ** (1.98–11.6) | 2.61 ** (1.41–4.65) |
How often (if so, in days) did you smoke cigarettes during the last 30 days? | |||
I don’t smoke | 1 | 1 | 1 |
1–2 days | 1.25 (0.55–2.85) | 1.81 (0.52–6.27) | 1.44 (0.35–5.97) |
3–5 days | 2.08 (0.81–5.36) | 2.90 (0.72–11.7) | 1.39 (0.29–6.68) |
≥6 days | 0.84 (0.47–1.51) | 2.52 * (1.10–5.78) | 2.99 * (1.13–7.92) |
How often do you currently smoke cigarettes? | |||
Less than once weekly | 1 | 1 | 1 |
At least once weekly but not every day | 0.82 (0.30–2.24) | 0.82 (0.16–4.28) | 1.00 (0.16–6.35) |
Every day | 0.59 (0.25–1.41) | 2.18 (0.62–7.63) | 3.71 (0.87–15.9) |
Have you drank so much alcohol that you got really drunk ever in life? | |||
No, never | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes, once | 1.03 (0.60–1.75) | 1.69 (0.75–3.80) | 1.25 (0.68–2.28) |
Yes, 2/3 times | 1.97 * (1.11–3.50) | 2.39 ** (1.39–4.10) | 0.87 (0.36–2.11) |
Yes, ≥4 times | 1.99 * (1.05–3.75) | 7.29 *** (4.49–11.8) | 7.48 *** (3.75–14.9) |
Did you drink so much alcohol so that you got really drunk during the last 30 days? | |||
No, never | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes, once | 1.43 (0.92–2.23) | 0.99 (0.43–2.28) | 0.69 (0.28–1.72) |
Yes, 2/3 times | 0.50 (0.20–1.34) | 1.93 (0.75–4.98) | 3.72 (1.03–13.5) |
Yes, ≥4 times | 0.70 (0.27–1.82) | 9.11 *** (4.63–17.9) | 13.02 *** (4.34–39.0) |
When you drink alcohol, in a typical day, how many alcoholic beverages do you drink? | |||
≤1 drink | 1 | 1 | 1 |
2/3 drinks | 0.70 (0.36–1.34) | 1.21 (0.39–3.79) | 1.73 (0.49–6.20) |
≥4 drinks | 0.95 (0.50–1.79) | 2.92 (1.00–8.58) | 3.09 (0.93–10.3) |
Variables | Multivariate Logistic Regression (odds ratio—OR and confidence interval—CI) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Model 1: Non-Cybervictim versus Cybervictim at Least Once | Model 2: Non-Cybervictim versus Cybervictim Multiple Times | Model 3: Cybervictim at Least Once versus Multiple Times | |
Health characteristics | |||
Body mass index | |||
Normal weight | / | / | / |
Underweight | / | / | / |
Overweight | / | / | / |
Obese | / | / | / |
During the last six months, how frequently have you felt any of the following? | |||
Headache | |||
Rarely/never | 1 | 1 | / |
Almost every week | 1.27 (0.88–1.83) | 1.84 (0.98–3.45) | / |
Almost every day | 1.40 (0.99–1.98) | 0.92 (0.48–1.76) | / |
Stomach pain | |||
Rarely/never | 1 | 1 | / |
Almost every week | 1.17 (0.85–1.81) | 0.74 (0.40–1.34) | / |
Almost every day | 1.32 (0.92–1.91) | 1.24 (0.68–2.26) | / |
Back pain | |||
Rarely/never | 1 | 1 | / |
Almost every week | 1.39 (0.98–1.98) | 0.93 (0.45–1.43) | / |
Almost every day | 1.31 (0.94–1.82) | 2.27 ** (1.32–3.91) | / |
Depression | |||
Rarely/never | 1 | 1 | / |
Almost every week | 1.21 (0.82–1.78) | 0.51 (0.19–1.35) | / |
Almost every day | 1.43 * (1.02–2.01) | 1.50 (0.82–2.76) | / |
Irritability or bad mood | |||
Rarely/never | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Almost every week | 1.55 (0.99–2.42) | 0.74 (0.35–1.58) | 0.43 ** (0.23–0.80) |
Almost every day | 2.07 ** (1.33–3.23) | 0.80 (0.40–1.63) | 0.42 ** (0.19–0.92) |
Nervousness | |||
Rarely/never | 1 | 1 | / |
Almost every week | 2.23 ** (1.28–3.90) | 0.66 (0.24–1.78) | / |
Almost every day | 2.23 ** (1.32–3.80) | 1.51 (0.72–3.16) | / |
Problems with sleep | |||
Rarely/never | 1 | 1 | / |
Almost every week | 1.20 (0.79–1.82) | 0.60 (0.23–1.56) | / |
Almost every day | 1.04 (0.76–1.42) | 0.80 (0.46–1.38) | / |
Dizziness | |||
Rarely/never | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Almost every week | 1.02 (0.67–1.56) | 1.89 (0.97–3.68) | 1.70 (0.84–3.44) |
Almost every day | 0.97 (0.65–1.45) | 2.43 ** (1.25–4.73) | 1.98 * (1.06–3.68) |
What do you think your health is like? | |||
Excellent | / | 1 | / |
Very good | / | 0.62 (0.20–1.93) | / |
Good | / | 0.39 (0.13–1.20) | / |
Bad | / | 0.59 (0.20–1.70) | / |
During the last 12 months, how many times have you been injured and needed a physician or nurse’s attention? | |||
Over the last 12 months I had no injuries | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Once or twice | 1.31 (0.98–1.74) | 1.98 * (1.16–3.39) | 1.38 (0.79–2.42) |
Three and more times | 0.14 (0.73–1.79) | 4.09 *** (2.18–7.66) | 2.62 ** (1.32–5.18) |
During the past week, how many days have you engaged in physical activity at least one hour daily? | |||
None | 1 | 1 | / |
1–2 days | 0.83 (0.46–1.49) | 0.80 (0.33–1.98) | / |
3–4 days | 0.84 (0.49–1.46) | 0.57 (0.24–1.38) | / |
5–7 days | 0.83 (0.49–1.40) | 0.61 (0.27–1.37) | / |
During your free time, how frequently have you exercised intensely with a loss of breath or getting sweaty? | |||
Rarely/never | / | / | / |
Once monthly | / | / | / |
Once weekly | / | / | / |
Several times per week/every day | / | / | / |
Risky behavior | |||
How often (if so, in days) have you smoked cigarettes ever in life? | |||
Never | 1 | 1 | 1 |
1–2 days | 1.44 (0.66–3.14) | 0 | 0 |
3–5 days | 1.37 (0.89–2.10) | 0 | 0 |
≥6 days | 1.73 * (1.06–2.82) | 0 | 0 |
How often (if so, in days) did you smoke cigarettes during the last 30 days? | |||
I don’t smoke | / | 1 | 1 |
1–2 days | / | 1.30 (0.25–6.70) | 1.67 (0.23–12.2) |
3–5 days | / | 5.47 (0.93–32.3) | 5.04 (0.45–56.1) |
≥6 days | / | 4.08 (0.88–18.9) | 6.96 (0.86–56.4) |
How often do you currently smoke cigarettes? | |||
Less than once weekly | / | / | / |
At least once weekly but not every day | / | / | / |
Every day | / | / | / |
Have you drank so much alcohol that you got really drunk ever in life? | |||
No, never | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes, once | 0.81 (0.46–1.44) | 0.29 (0.05–1.63) | 0 |
Yes, 2/3 times | 1.71 ** (1.23–2.38) | 1.88 (0.34–4.04) | 0.31 (0.04–2.32) |
Yes, ≥4 times | 1.65 * (1.05–2.59) | 1.98 (0.98–4.04) | 3.03 (0.50–18.3) |
Did you drink so much alcohol so that you got really drunk during the last 30 days? | |||
No, never | / | 1 | 1 |
Yes, once | / | 0.29 (0.06–1.40) | 0.31 (0.04–2.27) |
Yes, 2/3 times | / | 1.55 (0.38–6.37) | 1.52 (0.19–12.4) |
Yes, ≥4 times | / | 4.90 (1.29–18.5) | 4.49 (0.54–37.1) |
When you drink alcohol, in a typical day, how many alcoholic beverages do you drink? | |||
≤1 drink | / | / | / |
2/3 drinks | / | / | / |
≥4 drinks | / | / | / |
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Kangrga, M.; Nikolic, D.; Santric-Milicevic, M.; Rakic, L.; Knezevic, T.; Djuricic, G.; Stojkovic, J.; Radosavljevic, N.; Mihajlovic, S.; Medjo, B.; et al. Recognizing the Frequency of Exposure to Cyberbullying in Children: The Results of the National HBSC Study in Serbia. Children 2024, 11, 172. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11020172
Kangrga M, Nikolic D, Santric-Milicevic M, Rakic L, Knezevic T, Djuricic G, Stojkovic J, Radosavljevic N, Mihajlovic S, Medjo B, et al. Recognizing the Frequency of Exposure to Cyberbullying in Children: The Results of the National HBSC Study in Serbia. Children. 2024; 11(2):172. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11020172
Chicago/Turabian StyleKangrga, Milica, Dejan Nikolic, Milena Santric-Milicevic, Ljiljana Rakic, Tatjana Knezevic, Goran Djuricic, Jasna Stojkovic, Natasa Radosavljevic, Sladjana Mihajlovic, Biljana Medjo, and et al. 2024. "Recognizing the Frequency of Exposure to Cyberbullying in Children: The Results of the National HBSC Study in Serbia" Children 11, no. 2: 172. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11020172
APA StyleKangrga, M., Nikolic, D., Santric-Milicevic, M., Rakic, L., Knezevic, T., Djuricic, G., Stojkovic, J., Radosavljevic, N., Mihajlovic, S., Medjo, B., & Lackovic, M. (2024). Recognizing the Frequency of Exposure to Cyberbullying in Children: The Results of the National HBSC Study in Serbia. Children, 11(2), 172. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11020172