Trajectory of Obesity and the Impact of Eating Behaviors on Obesity in Preschool Children: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study in Korea
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Age 3 y (n) | Age 4 y (n) | Age 5 y (n) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-Obesity | Obesity | p Value | Non-Obesity | Obesity | p Value | Non-Obesity | Obesity | p Value | |
(15,168) | (1698) | (15,817) | (1049) | (15,894) | (972) | ||||
Birth weight | |||||||||
HBW a, % | 2.6 | 6.7 | <0.001 | 2.7 | 7.4 | <0.001 | 2.8 | 6.5 | <0.001 |
NBW, % | 76.3 | 73.4 | 0.007 | 76.2 | 73.5 | 0.05 | 76.1 | 74.7 | 0.327 |
LBW a, % | 21.1 | 19.9 | 0.283 | 21.1 | 19.1 | 0.133 | 21.1 | 18.8 | 0.103 |
Sex | |||||||||
Female, % | 48.6 | 51.1 | 0.054 | 48.7 | 48.6 | 0.879 | 49.1 | 45 | 0.012 |
Residence | |||||||||
City b, % | 42.3 | 40.5 | 0.151 | 41.8 | 46.7 | 0.002 | 41.9 | 46.6 | 0.04 |
Household income | |||||||||
Low c, % | 36.2 | 31.2 | <0.001 | 36.1 | 29.6 | <0.001 | 35.9 | 31.1 | 0.02 |
Visual abnormality d, % | |||||||||
4th | 1.5 | 2.3 | 0.017 | 1.6 | 1.3 | 0.469 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 0.532 |
5th | 1.8 | 2 | 0.398 | 1.7 | 2.9 | 0.007 | 1.7 | 2.8 | 0.018 |
Auditory abnormality d, % | |||||||||
4th | 1.5 | 2.5 | 0.005 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 0.536 | 1.6 | 2.1 | 0.336 |
5th | 1.8 | 2.1 | 0.454 | 1.7 | 2.9 | 0.011 | 1.7 | 2.8 | 0.026 |
Developmental delay d, % | |||||||||
4th | 3.5 | 4.4 | 0.054 | 3.6 | 4.1 | 0.363 | 3.5 | 4.7 | 0.049 |
5th | 2.3 | 2.5 | 0.608 | 2.3 | 3.2 | 0.05 | 2.3 | 3.2 | 0.076 |
Variables | Estimate | RR | 95% CI | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
LBW (<2.5 kg) | −0.573 | 0.564 | 0.418–0.742 | <0.001 |
Prematurity | −0.167 | 0.846 | 0.759–0.945 | 0.003 |
Ingredients of complementary food | ||||
Grains | −0.288 | 0.750 | 0.639–0.877 | <0.001 |
Meets | 0.245 | 1.278 | 1.091–1.493 | 0.002 |
Prolonged breastfeeding a | 0.139 | 1.149 | 1.029–1.283 | 0.014 |
Sugar-sweetened beverages b, 3rd | 0.179 | 1.196 | 0.988–1.437 | 0.061 |
Sugar-sweetened beverages b, 4th | 0.321 | 1.378 | 1.143–1.652 | <0.001 |
Meals (≥4/day), 4th | 0.312 | 1.367 | 0.936–1.937 | 0.091 |
Variables | Estimate | RR | 95% CI | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
LBW (<2.5 kg) | −0.570 | 0.565 | 0.379–0.818 | 0.004 |
Prematurity | 0.268 | 1.308 | 0.922–1.814 | 0.119 |
Complementary food (≥ 3/day) | −0.144 | 0.866 | 0.755–0.994 | 0.040 |
Ingredients of complementary food | ||||
Grains | −0.198 | 0.820 | 0.675–0.993 | 0.045 |
Meats | 0.220 | 1.246 | 1.025–1.508 | 0.026 |
Other foods a | 0.112 | 1.119 | 0.967–1.298 | 0.134 |
Sugar-sweetened beverages b, 3rd | 0.185 | 1.203 | 0.952–1.503 | 0.113 |
Sugar-sweetened beverages b, 5th | 0.460 | 1.583 | 1.262–1.967 | <0.001 |
Meals (≥4/day) c, 5th | 0.395 | 1.485 | 0.934–2.248 | 0.076 |
Variables | Estimate | RR | 95% CI | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
LBW (<2.5 kg) | −0.479 | 0.619 | 0.415–0.886 | 0.013 |
Complementary food (≥3/day) a | −0.159 | 0.853 | 0.743–0.980 | 0.025 |
Ingredients of complementary food | ||||
Meets | 0.152 | 1.164 | 1.011–1.340 | 0.034 |
Sugar-sweetened beverages b, 3rd | 0.214 | 1.239 | 0.974–1.558 | 0.073 |
Sugar-sweetened beverages b, 4th | 0.234 | 1.263 | 0.990–1.594 | 0.054 |
Sugar-sweetened beverages b, 5th | 0.415 | 1.514 | 1.192–1.903 | <0.001 |
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Lee, K.H.; Kim, B.S.; Seo, G.; Yang, H.-J.; Kim, K.; Yang, E.-A. Trajectory of Obesity and the Impact of Eating Behaviors on Obesity in Preschool Children: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study in Korea. Children 2024, 11, 1297. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11111297
Lee KH, Kim BS, Seo G, Yang H-J, Kim K, Yang E-A. Trajectory of Obesity and the Impact of Eating Behaviors on Obesity in Preschool Children: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study in Korea. Children. 2024; 11(11):1297. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11111297
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Kyeong Hun, Baek Seung Kim, Gitae Seo, Hyeon-Jong Yang, Kyunghoon Kim, and Eun-Ae Yang. 2024. "Trajectory of Obesity and the Impact of Eating Behaviors on Obesity in Preschool Children: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study in Korea" Children 11, no. 11: 1297. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11111297
APA StyleLee, K. H., Kim, B. S., Seo, G., Yang, H.-J., Kim, K., & Yang, E.-A. (2024). Trajectory of Obesity and the Impact of Eating Behaviors on Obesity in Preschool Children: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study in Korea. Children, 11(11), 1297. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11111297