Development of Clause Complexity in Children with Specific Language Impairment/Language Development Disorder: A Longitudinal Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Literature Review: Syntactic Complexity in Spanish-Speaking Children with SLI/DLD
Simple and Complex Structures
1.2. Longitudinal Development and Trajectory of Syntactic Complexity in Children with Typical Development (TD) and with SLI/DLD
1.3. Approaches for the Description of Syntactic Complexity in Children with TD and SLI/DLD
- What is the most frequently used type of clause interdependence in both groups?
- Do children with SLI/DLD exhibit similar patterns of development in different types of clause interdependence compared to children with TD, from a longitudinal perspective?
- Are there significant differences in the use of clause interdependence relationships between children with SLI/DLD and TD in each grade, from a cross-sectional perspective?
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
Selection Criteria
2.2. Procedure
2.2.1. Corpus Elicitation and Transcription
2.2.2. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Taxis | Group | TR Parataxis * | Parataxis | Hypotaxis |
---|---|---|---|---|
1° grade | SLI/DLD | b | a | a |
TD | c | a | b | |
2° grade | SLI/DLD | c | a | b |
TD | c | a | b | |
4° grade | SLI/DLD | C | a | b |
TD | B | a | b |
Appendix B
Taxis | Group | 1° Grade | 2° Grade | 4° Grade |
---|---|---|---|---|
TR parataxis * | SLI/DLD | B | b | a |
TD | B | ab | a | |
Parataxis | SLI/DLD | A | a | a |
TD | A | b | ab | |
Hypotaxis | SLI/DLD | A | A | b |
TD | A | A | b |
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AGE | GENDER | SCHOOL TYPE * | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1° | 2° | 4° | Female | Male | Public | Private | |
SLI/DLD | 6.7 | 7.7 | 9.7 | 10 | 14 | 21 | 3 |
TD | 6.5 | 7.5 | 9.5 | 10 | 14 | 21 | 3 |
Instruments | Normal | At Risk | Deficit |
---|---|---|---|
STSG (expressive) * | >36 | 26–36 | <26 |
STSG (receptive) | >41 | 38–41 | <35 |
Raven | >15 | ||
Audiometry test | <20 dB |
Clauses | Types of Taxis | Clause Complex |
---|---|---|
Simplex | ||
Hypotaxis | ||
Parataxis | ||
Time-Related Parataxis | ||
La ardillita solo miraba por la ventana. * (The little squirrel just looked out the window.) | Simplex | 1 |
No podía salir de su casita ese día (She couldn’t leave his house that day) | 2 | |
ni jugar con los amiguitos (nor play with friends) | Parataxis | |
porque estaba muy gorda, gorda (because she was very fat, fat) | Hypotaxis | |
y se puso muy triste (and she became very sad) | Time-related parataxis | |
porque no podía salir (because she couldn’t go out) | Hypotaxis | |
y ahí la llamaban los animalitos (and the little animals called her) | Time-related parataxis | |
y ella no podía salir y eso. (and she couldn’t get out and so). | Time-related parataxis |
Grade | Taxis | Group | Measure | SD |
---|---|---|---|---|
1st Grade | TR parataxis * | SLI/DLD | 54.27 | 19.07 |
TD | 60.3 | 16.82 | ||
Parataxis | SLI/DLD | 15.44 | 11.68 | |
TD | 16.67 | 8.72 | ||
Hypotaxis | SLI/DLD | 30.29 | 14.52 | |
TD | 23.03 | 14.13 | ||
2nd Grade | TR parataxis | SLI/DLD | 47.04 | 11.27 |
TD | 56.01 | 16.68 | ||
Parataxis | SLI/DLD | 21.21 | 7.3 | |
TD | 14.35 | 7.5 | ||
Hypotaxis | SLI/DLD | 31.75 | 13.29 | |
TD | 29.64 | 15.34 | ||
4th Grade | TR parataxis | SLI/DLD | 40.44 | 7.96 |
TD | 47.76 | 12.43 | ||
Parataxis | SLI/DLD | 16.12 | 4.85 | |
TD | 15.29 | 6.31 | ||
Hypotaxis | SLI/DLD | 43.44 | 8.62 | |
TD | 36.95 | 11.26 |
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Araya, C.; Coloma, C.J.; Quezada, C.; Benavente, P. Development of Clause Complexity in Children with Specific Language Impairment/Language Development Disorder: A Longitudinal Study. Children 2023, 10, 1152. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10071152
Araya C, Coloma CJ, Quezada C, Benavente P. Development of Clause Complexity in Children with Specific Language Impairment/Language Development Disorder: A Longitudinal Study. Children. 2023; 10(7):1152. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10071152
Chicago/Turabian StyleAraya, Claudia, Carmen Julia Coloma, Camilo Quezada, and Paula Benavente. 2023. "Development of Clause Complexity in Children with Specific Language Impairment/Language Development Disorder: A Longitudinal Study" Children 10, no. 7: 1152. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10071152
APA StyleAraya, C., Coloma, C. J., Quezada, C., & Benavente, P. (2023). Development of Clause Complexity in Children with Specific Language Impairment/Language Development Disorder: A Longitudinal Study. Children, 10(7), 1152. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10071152