Iron Replacement and Redox Balance in Non-Anemic and Mildly Anemic Iron Deficiency COPD Patients: Insights from a Clinical Trial
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population, Design, and Ethics
2.2. Inclusion Criteria
2.3. Iron Replacement: Placebo and Treatment Arms
2.4. Exclusion Criteria
2.5. Anthropometric and Lung Function Assessment
2.6. Blood Samples
2.7. Molecular Biology Analysis
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Clinical Characteristics at Baseline
3.2. Clinical Characteristics Following Iron Replacement
3.2.1. Oxidative Stress Markers
3.2.2. Antioxidant Markers
4. Discussion
Study Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Placebo (N = 22) | Iron (N = 44) | |
---|---|---|
Anthropometry | ||
Age, years | 69.2 (5.4) | 66.8 (7.3) |
Males/females | 16/6 | 26/18 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 25.1 (2.9) | 24.4 (3.4) |
FFMI, kg/m2 | 16.14 (1.8) | 15.9 (2.1) |
Smoking status | ||
Ex-smoker, N (%) | 13 (59.1) | 20 (45.5) |
Active, N (%) | 9 (40.9) | 24 (54.5) |
Packs-year | 56.3 (36.0) | 51.5 (25.8) |
Pulmonary Function | ||
FEV1, L | 1.3 (0.3) | 1.4 (0.6) |
FEV1, % predicted | 47.0 (10.6) | 51.6 (13.5) |
FVC, L | 3.0 (0.7) | 2.8 (0.8) |
FVC, % | 84.5 (13.1) | 80.7 (12.6) |
FEV1/FVC, % | 43.5 (9.1) | 48.7 (10.4) |
RV, % | 175.9 (40.6) | 176.3 (44.4) |
RV/TLC, % | 59.3 (7.1) | 60.0 (12.8) |
TLC, % | 108.5 (15.1) | 110.4 (16.1) |
DLCO, % | 53.0 (16.7) | 52.3 (12.6) |
KCO, % | 57.1 (16.2) | 55.0 (12.4) |
Arterial blood gas | ||
PaO2, kPa | 10.4 (0.9) | 10.2 (1.1) |
PaCO2, kPa | 5.1 (0.6) | 5.1 (0.5) |
Placebo (N = 22) | Iron (N = 44) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre | Post | Δ | Pre | Post | Δ | |
Iron status | ||||||
Hemoglobin, g/dL | 14.9 (1.2) | 15.0 (1.2) | +0.1 (0.7) | 14.5 (1.2) | 15.7 (4.8) | +1.3 (4.8) |
Hematocrit, % | 45.0 (3.5) | 45.5 (3.6) | +0.5 (2.8) | 43.6 (3.7) | 45.1 (4.0) *** | +1.6 (2.3) |
MCV, fl | 90.3 (4.7) | 89.8 (5.7) | −0.5 (2.2) | 90.6 (3.7) | 91.9 (3.8) *** | +1.4 (1.8) ### |
MCH, pg | 29.8 (2.1) | 29.6 (2.3) | −0.3 (0.7) | 30.1 (1.7) | 30.6 (1.5) ***,$ | +0.5 (0.8) ### |
MCHC, g/dL | 33.0 (1.1) | 32.9 (1.2) | −0.2 (1.1) | 33.2 (1.0) | 33.3 (1.1) | +0.1 (0.8) |
Serum iron, µg/dL | 83.8 (36.4) | 89.3 (26.0) | +5.4 (37.1) | 82.5 (32.5) | 108.7 (31.2) ***,$ | +26.2 (36.4) # |
Ferritin, ng/mL | 69.0 (42.4) | 64.3 (41.6) | −4.6 (18.4) | 61.9 (36.2) | 342.2 (176.0) ***,$$$ | +280.3 (178.9) ### |
Transferrin saturation, % | 22.6 (10.1) | 23.2 (7.4) | +0.5 (9.6) | 22.5 (11.1) | 34.8 (11.1) ***,$$$ | +12.2 (11.0) ### |
Transferrin, g/dL | 271.3 (36.9) | 277.0 (29.2) | +8.6 (23.7) | 277.0 (41.9) | 227.5 (33.5) ***,$$$ | −49.5 (38.0) ### |
Soluble transferrin receptor, mg/L | 3.2 (1.6) | 3.3 (1.8) | +0.3 (0.8) | 3.3 (2.1) | 2.7 (1.4) ** | −0.6 (1.1) ### |
Inflammatory marker | ||||||
IL-6, pg/mL | 14.0 (17.6) | 12.5 (17.7) | −0.7 (13.2) | 12.9 (19.9) | 11.4 (9.8) | 1.8 (8.9) |
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Pérez-Peiró, M.; Martín-Ontiyuelo, C.; Rodó-Pi, A.; Piccari, L.; Admetlló, M.; Durán, X.; Rodríguez-Chiaradía, D.A.; Barreiro, E. Iron Replacement and Redox Balance in Non-Anemic and Mildly Anemic Iron Deficiency COPD Patients: Insights from a Clinical Trial. Biomedicines 2021, 9, 1191. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9091191
Pérez-Peiró M, Martín-Ontiyuelo C, Rodó-Pi A, Piccari L, Admetlló M, Durán X, Rodríguez-Chiaradía DA, Barreiro E. Iron Replacement and Redox Balance in Non-Anemic and Mildly Anemic Iron Deficiency COPD Patients: Insights from a Clinical Trial. Biomedicines. 2021; 9(9):1191. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9091191
Chicago/Turabian StylePérez-Peiró, Maria, Clara Martín-Ontiyuelo, Anna Rodó-Pi, Lucilla Piccari, Mireia Admetlló, Xavier Durán, Diego A. Rodríguez-Chiaradía, and Esther Barreiro. 2021. "Iron Replacement and Redox Balance in Non-Anemic and Mildly Anemic Iron Deficiency COPD Patients: Insights from a Clinical Trial" Biomedicines 9, no. 9: 1191. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9091191