Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of the Synthetic Neurosteroid Analogue BNN27 during CFA-Induced Hyperalgesia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals
2.2. Animal Treatment
2.3. Behavioral Testing
2.4. Measurement of Corticosterone
2.5. Histological Studies
2.6. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) Assay
2.7. Measurement of Cytokines
2.8. Measurement of β-Endorphin
2.9. Quantitative Real-Time RT-PCR
2.10. Western Blot
2.11. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. BNN27 Induced Analgesia in Mice under Inflammatory Conditions
3.2. BNN27 Affected Paw Inflammatory Response
3.3. BNN27 Affected the Production and Release of Cytokines in the Inflamed Paw and Changed Their Plasma Levels
3.4. BNN27 Affects the Production of NGF and iNOS in the Inflamed Paw
3.5. BNN27 Affects AKT Signaling Pathway
3.6. Effect of BNN27 on the Opioid System
3.7. Effect of BNN27 on NGF and Its Receptors in Dorsal Root Ganglia (DRG)
3.8. Effect of BNN27 Following Inhibition of TrkA
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gene | Forward | Reverse |
---|---|---|
beta-actin | tctctttgatgtcacgcacg | tcagaaggactcctatgtgg |
Pomc | gctgcttcagacctccatagatgtg | cagcgagaggtcgagtttgc |
Penk | cgacatcaatttcctggcgt | agatccttgcaggtctccca |
μ-opioid receptor | acgctcagacgttccattct | tccaaagaggcccactacac |
Ngf | cacccacccagtcttcc | ctcggcacttggtctcaaa |
Trka | cctgcaacgcttggagtttg | cactcttcacgatggttaggct |
iNOS | tcctggaggaagtgggccaag | cctccacgggcccggtactc |
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Poulaki, S.; Rassouli, O.; Liapakis, G.; Gravanis, A.; Venihaki, M. Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of the Synthetic Neurosteroid Analogue BNN27 during CFA-Induced Hyperalgesia. Biomedicines 2021, 9, 1185. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9091185
Poulaki S, Rassouli O, Liapakis G, Gravanis A, Venihaki M. Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of the Synthetic Neurosteroid Analogue BNN27 during CFA-Induced Hyperalgesia. Biomedicines. 2021; 9(9):1185. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9091185
Chicago/Turabian StylePoulaki, Smaragda, Olga Rassouli, George Liapakis, Achille Gravanis, and Maria Venihaki. 2021. "Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of the Synthetic Neurosteroid Analogue BNN27 during CFA-Induced Hyperalgesia" Biomedicines 9, no. 9: 1185. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9091185