Is Gestational Diabetes Mellitus a Risk Factor of Maternal Breast Cancer? A Systematic Review of the Literature
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Literature Search
3.2. Characteristics of Included Studies
3.2.1. Cohort Studies
3.2.2. Case-Control Studies
3.3. Risk of Bias in the Included Studies
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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First Author | Publication Year | Country | Specificities of the Study Population | Sample Size | Duration of Follow-Up | Criteria for GDM Diagnosis | GDM Rate | Criteria for BC Diagnosis | BC Rate | Adjusted Variables | RR [CI 95%] | Sensitivity or Additional Analyses |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perrin [28] | 2007 | Israel | Deliveries between 1964 to 1976 | 37,980 | Until 2015 | Medical records | 1% | Cancer registry | 4.3% | Age, parity, social class, ethnic origin, education, immigration status | 1.5 [1.0; 2.1] P = 0.03 | Age at diagnosis of BC: <50 years old RR = 1 [0.5; 2.1] ≥50 years old RR = 1.7 [1.1; 2.5] |
Sella [19] | 2011 | Israel | Aged between 15–50 years Screened between 13 March 1995 and 27 May 2009 | 185,315 | Until June 1st 2009 (mean 5 years) | Medical records | 6% | Cancer registry | 0.3% | Age, socioeconomic level, smoking, BMI, gravidity, number of general practitioner visits | 0.87 [0.63; 1.20] | - |
Bejaimal [24] | 2016 | Canada | Aged between 20–50 years Screened between 1 January 1995 and July 4th 2008 | 149,049: 49,684 women with GDM matched on age and year of delivery in a ratio of 1:2 to pregnant women without GDM | Until 31 December 2011 | Medical Records | 4.6% | Cancer Registry | - | Number of physician visits | 0.86 [0.75; 0.98] | After adjustment for future diabetes, the association between GDM and risk of breast cancer remained significant (HR 0.85 [0.74; 0.99]) |
Fuchs [22] | 2017 | Israel | Deliveries between 1988 to 2013 | 104,715 | Until 2013 | Medical records | 9.4% | Medical records | 0.5% | Univariate results only | 1.8 [1.5; 2.1] | / |
Powe [29] | 2017 | US | Only nurses who declared a delivery at the beginning of the cohort in 1989 or with incident delivery through 2001 | 86,972 | Until 2013 | Self-reported, 94% confirmed by medical records | 6% | Medical records | 2.7% | Age, BMI at 18 years old, weight gain since age 18, height, physical activity, alcohol intake, age at menarche, birth index, breastfeeding, hormone therapy use, history of breast cancer in mother or sister, history of benign breast disease, ethnicity, mammography within the past 2 years | 0.72 [0.58; 0.89] | T2D only: HR = 0.69 [0.40; 1.18] GDM + T2D: HR = 0.26 [0.10; 0.68] GDM and hormone receptor positive BC: HR 0.65 [0.50–0.84], GDM and hormone receptor negative BC: HR 0.96 [0.60–1.52] |
Park [30] | 2017 | US | 35–74 years old, all breast-cancer-free and sisters of women with BC between 2003 and 2009 | 39,198 | Until 14 August 2015 (mean: 7.4 years) | Self-reported | 4.2% (0.9% multiple GDM pregnancies) | Self-reported, 81% confirmed by medical records | 5.4% | Age, ethnicity, education, age at first birth, age at menarche, weight at age 10, BMI at 30–39 years old, physical activity in their childhood and teens | 1.10 [0.88; 1.36] | 1 GDM pregnancy: HR = 0.94 [0.73; 1.22], more than 1 GDM pregnancies HR = 1.68 [1.15; 2.44] |
Han [21] | 2018 | South Korea | 1st pregnancy between 2004 and 2005 and participated in a “National Health Screening examination” at least 2 years before their first delivery | 102,900 | Until 2015 | Medico-administrative database ICD 10 codes O 24.4 and O 24.9 | 4.83% | Medico-administrative database ICD 10 codes | 0.7% | Age, smoking, BMI before pregnancy | 1.15 [0.83; 1.58] | - |
Peng [23] | 2019 | Taiwan | All deliveries between 2002 and 2012 | 990,572 | Until 31 December 2013 | Medico-administrative database ICD 9 codes 648-250 | 4.8% | Medico-administrative database ICD 9 codes | 0.47% | Age, hypertension, dyslipidemia, liver disease, infertility and kidney disease | 1.23 [1.09; 1.39] | - |
Pace [20] | 2020 | Canada | 34,294 randomly selected deliveries between April 1990 and 31 December 2007 with 2 or more diagnostic codes for GDM were matched 1:1 to 34,294 deliveries without GDM (by year of delivery, age, region) | 68,588 | Until 2012 (mean: 13.1 years) | 2 or more GDM codes | - | Hospital discharge abstracts using ICD codes | 1.1% | Gestational hypertension, preterm delivery, infant size, parity, prior comorbidity, material deprivation index, ethnicity | 0.93 [0.80; 1.09] | - |
Bertrand [31] | 2020 | US | African American parous women between March 1995 and March 2017 | 41,767 | Until March 2017 | Self-reported | 4.9% | Self-reported and confirmed in cancer registry records or medical records | 4% | Age, BMI at age 18, recent BMI, parity, menarche, age at first birth, oral contraceptive duration, and family history of BC | 0.98 [0.77; 1.25] | No significant results after adjustment on ER status |
First Author | Publication Year | Country | Specificities of the Study Population | Sample Size | Criteria for GDM Diagnosis | GDM Rate | Criteria for BC Diagnosis | Adjusted Variables | OR [CI 95%] | Sensitivity or Additional Analyses |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Troisi [32] | 1998 | US | Age between 20 and 44 years | 3174 | Self-report | 7.5% | Medical records | Age at menarche, mammography, alcohol, BMI, site, race, combination variables representing parity and age at first birth | 1.1 [0.7; 1.4] | - |
Rollison [33] | 2008 | US | Non-Hispanic white, Hispanic, and American Indian women (mean age: 56 years) | 2523 | Self-report | 3.2% | Cancer registry | Age, study site, menopausal status, BMI, BMI at 15 years old, parity, age at menarche, physical activity, family history of BC, breastfeeding history | 0.71 [0.52; 0.98] | Stratification on age at onset of GDM: 0.56 [0.38; 0.82] ≥ 35 years old 1.34 [0.72; 2.52] ≥ 35 years old Stratification on age at onset of GDM and ER/PR status: <35 years old and ER + 0.52 [0.31; 0.85] <35 years old and PR + 0.53 [0.32; 0.89] ≥35 years old and ER − 2.52 [1.07; 5.53] ≥35 years old and PR − 3.08 [1.45; 6.54] |
Brasky [34] | 2013 | US | Age between 35 and 79 years | 2812 | Self-report | 3.3% | Medical records | Age, education, history of benign breast disease, family history of BC, age at first pregnancy, number of pregnancies, menopausal status, age at menopause | 0.79 [0.48; 1.30] | - |
Ardalan [35] | 2016 | US | Women diagnosed with premenopausal BC (age 21–49) within the 5 years after delivering a live baby between 1 January 1994 and 31 December 2003 | 630 | Recorded birth certificates | 1.4% | Cancer registry | Mother’s age at delivery, race/ethnicity, level of education, birth weight, parity, gestational age, weight gain in pregnancy, smoking habits, drinking habits, induction of labor, gestational hypertension | 1.62 [0.30; 8.68] | - |
Selection | Comparability | Outcome | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First Author | Publication Year | Representativeness of the Exposed Cohort | Selection of the Non-Exposed Cohort | Ascertainment of Exposure | Demonstration that Outcome of Interest Was Not Present at Start of Study | Controls for the Most Important Factor | Controls for any Additional Factor | Assessment of Outcome | Was Follow up Long Enough for Outcome to Occur | Adequacy of Follow up of Cohorts | Total |
Perrin [28] | 2008 | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 9 |
Sella [19] | 2011 | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 8 | |
Bejaimal [24] | 2015 | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 9 |
Fuchs [22] | 2016 | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 7 | ||
Powe [29] | 2017 | * | * | * | * | * | * | 6 | |||
Park [30] | 2017 | * | * | * | * | * | * | 6 | |||
Han [21] | 2018 | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 8 | |
Peng [23] | 2019 | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 9 |
Pace [20] | 2020 | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 8 | |
Bertrand [31] | 2020 | * | * | * | * | * | 5 |
Selection | Comparability | Exposure | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First Author | Publication Year | Is the Case Definition Adequate? | Representativeness of the Cases | Selection of Controls | Definition of Controls | Controls for the Most Important Factor | Controls for Any Additional Factor | Ascertainment of Exposure | Same method of Ascertainment for Cases and Controls | Non-Response Rate | Total |
Troisi [32] | 1998 | * | * | * | * | * | * | 6 | |||
Rollison [33] | 2008 | * | * | * | * | * | * | 6 | |||
Brasky [34] | 2013 | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 7 | ||
Ardalan [35] | 2016 | * | * | * | * | * | * | 6 |
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Simon, J.; Goueslard, K.; Bechraoui-Quantin, S.; Arveux, P.; Quantin, C. Is Gestational Diabetes Mellitus a Risk Factor of Maternal Breast Cancer? A Systematic Review of the Literature. Biomedicines 2021, 9, 1174. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9091174
Simon J, Goueslard K, Bechraoui-Quantin S, Arveux P, Quantin C. Is Gestational Diabetes Mellitus a Risk Factor of Maternal Breast Cancer? A Systematic Review of the Literature. Biomedicines. 2021; 9(9):1174. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9091174
Chicago/Turabian StyleSimon, Julien, Karine Goueslard, Sonia Bechraoui-Quantin, Patrick Arveux, and Catherine Quantin. 2021. "Is Gestational Diabetes Mellitus a Risk Factor of Maternal Breast Cancer? A Systematic Review of the Literature" Biomedicines 9, no. 9: 1174. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9091174