The Neuroinflammatory Role of Pericytes in Epilepsy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. What Are Pericytes?
3. Pericytes and Neuroinflammation
4. Pericytes and Epilepsy
5. Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in the Pathogenesis of Epilepsy
6. Leukocyte Recruitment and Peripheral-to-Central Infiltration
7. Clinical Evidence Links Pericytes to Epilepsy
8. Experimental Evidence Links Pericytes to Epilepsy
9. Prospects for Pericyte-Mediated Epilepsy Therapy
10. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Marker | Cells Labeled | Main Function | Reference(s) |
---|---|---|---|
PDGFRβ (platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta) | Fibroblasts, SMCs, pericytes | Tyrosine kinase receptor | [14,41] |
NG2 (CSPG4; chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4) | OPCs, NSCs, SMCs, pericytes | Cell-membrane proteoglycan | [46] |
CD13 (aminopeptidase N) | Fibroblasts, SMCs, pericytes | Cell-membrane aminopeptidase | [14] |
αSMA (actin, aortic smooth muscle) | SMCs, myofibroblasts, pericytes | Cytoskeletal protein | [14] |
Desmin | SMCs, pericytes | Intermediate filament | [14] |
Rgs5 (regulator of G protein signaling 5) | SMCs, pericytes | Regulator of G protein | [47] |
CD146 (cell surface glycoprotein MUC18) | SMCs, pericytes | Membrane proteins | [48] |
SUR2 (sulfonylurea receptor 2) | SMCs, pericytes | Potassium-channel | [47,49] |
Kir6.1 (K+ channel pore-forming subunit) | SMCs, fibroblasts, pericytes | Potassium-channel | [47,49] |
NeuroTrace 500/525 (fluorescent Nissl dye/FluoroNissl Green) | Pericytes | - | [50] |
Vitronectin | SMCs, Pericytes | Complement-binding protein | [49,51] |
No. | Patients/Model | Species | Key Findings | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Intractable complex partial seizures | Humans |
| [63] |
2 | TLE with HS | Humans |
| [2] |
NG2DsRed or C57BL/6J mice (intraperitoneal KA injections) | Mice |
| ||
3 | FCD, TLE without HS, cryptogenic epilepsy | Humans |
| [25] |
Neurovascular dysplasia rat model (Sprague-Dawley rats with pre-natal exposure to methyl-axozy methanoic acid), pilocarpine | Mice |
| ||
4 | TLE | Humans |
| [26] |
5 | Drug-resistant TLE (microarray analysis) | human |
| [27] |
6 | Dynamics of NG2 mural cells under SE with systemic KA injection in mice | Mice |
| [28] |
7 | TLE with or without HS, FCD | Humans |
| [29] |
NG2DsRed/C57BL6 (unilateral intra-hippocampal KA injections) | Mice |
| ||
8 | NG2DsRed/C57BL6 (unilateral intra-hippocampal KA injections) | Mice |
| [30] |
9 | Transgenic mice (4-aminopyridine or low-Mg2+ conditions) | Mice |
| [31] |
10 | Traumatic brain injury model (C57BL/6J mice with CCI and pilocarpine injections) | Mice |
| [32] |
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Yamanaka, G.; Takata, F.; Kataoka, Y.; Kanou, K.; Morichi, S.; Dohgu, S.; Kawashima, H. The Neuroinflammatory Role of Pericytes in Epilepsy. Biomedicines 2021, 9, 759. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9070759
Yamanaka G, Takata F, Kataoka Y, Kanou K, Morichi S, Dohgu S, Kawashima H. The Neuroinflammatory Role of Pericytes in Epilepsy. Biomedicines. 2021; 9(7):759. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9070759
Chicago/Turabian StyleYamanaka, Gaku, Fuyuko Takata, Yasufumi Kataoka, Kanako Kanou, Shinichiro Morichi, Shinya Dohgu, and Hisashi Kawashima. 2021. "The Neuroinflammatory Role of Pericytes in Epilepsy" Biomedicines 9, no. 7: 759. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9070759