Vitamin D and Its Role in the Lipid Metabolism and the Development of Atherosclerosis
Abstract
:1. Introduction: Vitamin D Deficiency—A Pandemic; Atherosclerosis—The First Cause of Mortality
2. Metabolism of Vitamin D
3. Mechanism of Action
4. Normal Values
5. Vitamin D’s Action on Lipid Profile
6. Vitamin D’s Action on Atherosclerosis
6.1. Endothelial Adhesion and Activation
6.2. Vascular Tone and Endothelial Function
6.3. Inflammation and Atherosclerosis
6.4. Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells
7. Clinical Studies on Atherosclerosis and Vitamin D Deficiency and Vitamin D Supplementation
8. Future Directions
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Calcidiol | 3,25 (OH)D3 | Treatment of Renal Osteodystrophy |
Calcitriol | 4,1,25 (OH) | Treatment of renal osteodystrophy |
Calcipotriol | 5, 22-ene-26,27-dehydro-1,25(OH)2D3 | Treatment of psoriasis |
Doxercalciferol | 6, 1α(OH)D2 | Treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism |
Alfacalcidol | 7, 1α(OH)D3 | Treatment of osteoporosis |
Tacalcitol | 8, 1α,24(OH)2D3 | Treatment of psoriasis |
Oxacalcitriol | 10, 22-oxa-1,25(OH)2D3 | Treatment of psoriasis |
Falecalcitriol | 11, 1,25(OH)2-26,27-F6-D3 | Treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism |
Lipid profile |
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Endothelial adhesion and activation |
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Vascular tone and endothelial function |
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Inflammation and atherosclerosis |
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Arterial smooth muscle cells |
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Surdu, A.M.; Pînzariu, O.; Ciobanu, D.-M.; Negru, A.-G.; Căinap, S.-S.; Lazea, C.; Iacob, D.; Săraci, G.; Tirinescu, D.; Borda, I.M.; Cismaru, G. Vitamin D and Its Role in the Lipid Metabolism and the Development of Atherosclerosis. Biomedicines 2021, 9, 172. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9020172
Surdu AM, Pînzariu O, Ciobanu D-M, Negru A-G, Căinap S-S, Lazea C, Iacob D, Săraci G, Tirinescu D, Borda IM, Cismaru G. Vitamin D and Its Role in the Lipid Metabolism and the Development of Atherosclerosis. Biomedicines. 2021; 9(2):172. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9020172
Chicago/Turabian StyleSurdu, Andrei Mihai, Oana Pînzariu, Dana-Mihaela Ciobanu, Alina-Gabriela Negru, Simona-Sorana Căinap, Cecilia Lazea, Daniela Iacob, George Săraci, Dacian Tirinescu, Ileana Monica Borda, and Gabriel Cismaru. 2021. "Vitamin D and Its Role in the Lipid Metabolism and the Development of Atherosclerosis" Biomedicines 9, no. 2: 172. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9020172