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Volume 12
Issue 6
10.3390/biomedicines12061319
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Review

Neurological Immune-Related Adverse Events Induced by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors

by
Sotiria Stavropoulou De Lorenzo
1,
Athina Andravizou
1,
Harry Alexopoulos
2,
Iliana Michailidou
1,
Alexandros Bokas
3,
Evangelia Kesidou
1,
Marina-Kleopatra Boziki
1,
Dimitrios Parissis
1,
Christos Bakirtzis
1,*,† and
Nikolaos Grigoriadis
1,†
1
Second Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece
2
Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, University Campus, 15784 Athens, Greece
3
Department of Medical Oncology, Theageneio Cancer Hospital, 54639 Thessaloniki, Greece
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Biomedicines 2024, 12(6), 1319; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12061319
Submission received: 29 April 2024 / Revised: 7 June 2024 / Accepted: 11 June 2024 / Published: 13 June 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Challenges: Neurological Manifestations of Systemic Diseases and Medication-Induced Neurological Disorders)
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Abstract

The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) for the treatment of various advanced and aggressive types of malignancy has significantly increased both survival and long-term remission rates. ICIs block crucial inhibitory pathways of the immune system, in order to trigger an aggravated immune response against the tumor. However, this enhanced immune activation leads to the development of numerous immune-related adverse events (irAEs), which may affect any system. Although severe neurological irAEs are relatively rare, they carry a high disability burden, and they can be potentially life-threatening. Therefore, clinicians must be alert and act promptly when individuals receiving ICIs present with new-onset neurological symptoms. In this narrative review, we have collected all the currently available data regarding the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of post-ICI neurological irAEs. This review aims to raise physicians’ awareness, enrich their knowledge regarding disease pathogenesis, and guide them through the diagnosis and management of post-ICI neurological irAEs.
Keywords: immune checkpoint inhibitors; neurological immune-related adverse events; neurotoxicity; paraneoplastic neurological syndromes; antineuronal antibodies; central nervous system; peripheral nervous system immune checkpoint inhibitors; neurological immune-related adverse events; neurotoxicity; paraneoplastic neurological syndromes; antineuronal antibodies; central nervous system; peripheral nervous system

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MDPI and ACS Style

Stavropoulou De Lorenzo, S.; Andravizou, A.; Alexopoulos, H.; Michailidou, I.; Bokas, A.; Kesidou, E.; Boziki, M.-K.; Parissis, D.; Bakirtzis, C.; Grigoriadis, N. Neurological Immune-Related Adverse Events Induced by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Biomedicines 2024, 12, 1319. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12061319

AMA Style

Stavropoulou De Lorenzo S, Andravizou A, Alexopoulos H, Michailidou I, Bokas A, Kesidou E, Boziki M-K, Parissis D, Bakirtzis C, Grigoriadis N. Neurological Immune-Related Adverse Events Induced by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Biomedicines. 2024; 12(6):1319. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12061319

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stavropoulou De Lorenzo, Sotiria, Athina Andravizou, Harry Alexopoulos, Iliana Michailidou, Alexandros Bokas, Evangelia Kesidou, Marina-Kleopatra Boziki, Dimitrios Parissis, Christos Bakirtzis, and Nikolaos Grigoriadis. 2024. "Neurological Immune-Related Adverse Events Induced by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors" Biomedicines 12, no. 6: 1319. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12061319

APA Style

Stavropoulou De Lorenzo, S., Andravizou, A., Alexopoulos, H., Michailidou, I., Bokas, A., Kesidou, E., Boziki, M.-K., Parissis, D., Bakirtzis, C., & Grigoriadis, N. (2024). Neurological Immune-Related Adverse Events Induced by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Biomedicines, 12(6), 1319. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12061319

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