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Article

Viral Coinfection of Children Hospitalized with Severe Acute Respiratory Infections during COVID-19 Pandemic

by
Célia Regina Malveste Ito
1,*,
André Luís Elias Moreira
1,
Paulo Alex Neves da Silva
1,
Mônica de Oliveira Santos
1,
Adailton Pereira dos Santos
1,
Geovana Sôffa Rézio
2,
Pollyanna Neta de Brito
2,
Alana Parreira Costa Rezende
2,
Jakeline Godinho Fonseca
2,
Fernanda Aparecida de Oliveira Peixoto
3,
Isabela Jubé Wastowski
4,
Viviane Monteiro Goes
5,
Mariely Cordeiro Estrela
5,
Priscila Zanette de Souza
5,
Lilian Carla Carneiro
1 and
Melissa Ameloti Gomes Avelino
6
1
Microorganism Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, 235 St. Leste Universitário, Goiânia 74605-050, GO, Brazil
2
State Emergency Hospital of the Northwest Region of Goiânia Governador Otávio Lage de Siqueira (HUGOL), Anhanguera Avenue, 14.527–Santos Dumont, Goiânia 74463-350, GO, Brazil
3
Neonatal ICU of Clinical Hospital of Federal University of Goiás/EBSERH, 1st Avenue Leste Universitário, Goiânia 74605-020, GO, Brazil
4
Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Goiás State University, Laranjeiras Unity Prof. Alfredo de Castro St., 9175, Parque das Laranjeiras, Goiânia 74855-130, GO, Brazil
5
Institute of Molecular Biology of Paraná (IBMP), Professor Algacyr Munhoz Mader St, 3775–Industrial City of Curitiba, Curitiba 81350-010, PR, Brazil
6
Departament of Pediatrics, Federal University of Goiás, Universitaria Avenue, Leste Universitário, Goiânia 74605-050, GO, Brazil
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Biomedicines 2023, 11(5), 1402; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11051402
Submission received: 2 January 2023 / Revised: 24 April 2023 / Accepted: 26 April 2023 / Published: 9 May 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends in Complications Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection)
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Abstract

The main pathogens of severe respiratory infection in children are respiratory viruses, and the current molecular technology allows for a rapid and simultaneous detection of a wide spectrum of these viral pathogens, facilitating the diagnosis and evaluation of viral coinfection. Methods: This study was conducted between March 2020 and December 2021. All children admitted to the ICU with a diagnosis of SARI and who were tested by polymerase chain reaction on nasopharyngeal swabs for SARS-CoV-2 and other common respiratory viral pathogens were included in the study. Results: The result of the viral panel identified 446 children, with one infected with a single virus and 160 co-infected with two or more viruses. This study employed descriptive analyses, where a total of twenty-two coinfections among SARI-causing viruses were identified. Thus, the five most frequent coinfections that were selected for the study are: hRV/SARS-CoV-2 (17.91%), hRV/RSV (14.18%), RSV/SARS-CoV-2 (12.69%), hRV/BoV (10.45%), and hRV/AdV (8.21%). The most significant age group was 38.1%, representing patients aged between 24 and 59 months (61 individuals). Patients older than 59 months represented a total of 27.5%, comprising forty-four patients. The use of oxygen therapy was statistically significant in coinfections with Bocavirus, other CoVs, Metapneumovirus, and RSV. Coinfections with SARS-CoV-2 and the other different coinfections presented a similar time of use of oxygen therapy with a value of (p > 0.05). In the year 2020, hRV/BoV was more frequent in relation to other types of coinfections, representing a total of 35.1%. The year 2021 presented a divergent profile, with hRV/SARS-CoV-2 coinfection being the most frequent (30.8%), followed by hRV/RSV (28.2%). Additionally, 25.6% and 15.4% represented coinfections between RSV/SARS-CoV-2 and hRV/AdV, respectively. We saw that two of the patients coinfected with hRV/SARS-CoV-2 died, representing 9.52% of all deaths in the study. In addition, both hRV/hBoV and hRV/RSV had death records for each case, representing 8.33% and 6.67% of all deaths, respectively. Conclusion: Coinfections with respiratory viruses, such as RSV and hBoV, can increase the severity of the disease in children with SARI who are admitted to the ICU, and children infected with SARS-CoV-2 have their clinical condition worsened when they have comorbidities.
Keywords: viruses; SARI; comorbidities; epidemiology; sickness viruses; SARI; comorbidities; epidemiology; sickness

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MDPI and ACS Style

Malveste Ito, C.R.; Moreira, A.L.E.; Silva, P.A.N.d.; Santos, M.d.O.; Santos, A.P.d.; Rézio, G.S.; Brito, P.N.d.; Rezende, A.P.C.; Fonseca, J.G.; Peixoto, F.A.d.O.; et al. Viral Coinfection of Children Hospitalized with Severe Acute Respiratory Infections during COVID-19 Pandemic. Biomedicines 2023, 11, 1402. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11051402

AMA Style

Malveste Ito CR, Moreira ALE, Silva PANd, Santos MdO, Santos APd, Rézio GS, Brito PNd, Rezende APC, Fonseca JG, Peixoto FAdO, et al. Viral Coinfection of Children Hospitalized with Severe Acute Respiratory Infections during COVID-19 Pandemic. Biomedicines. 2023; 11(5):1402. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11051402

Chicago/Turabian Style

Malveste Ito, Célia Regina, André Luís Elias Moreira, Paulo Alex Neves da Silva, Mônica de Oliveira Santos, Adailton Pereira dos Santos, Geovana Sôffa Rézio, Pollyanna Neta de Brito, Alana Parreira Costa Rezende, Jakeline Godinho Fonseca, Fernanda Aparecida de Oliveira Peixoto, and et al. 2023. "Viral Coinfection of Children Hospitalized with Severe Acute Respiratory Infections during COVID-19 Pandemic" Biomedicines 11, no. 5: 1402. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11051402

APA Style

Malveste Ito, C. R., Moreira, A. L. E., Silva, P. A. N. d., Santos, M. d. O., Santos, A. P. d., Rézio, G. S., Brito, P. N. d., Rezende, A. P. C., Fonseca, J. G., Peixoto, F. A. d. O., Wastowski, I. J., Goes, V. M., Estrela, M. C., Souza, P. Z. d., Carneiro, L. C., & Avelino, M. A. G. (2023). Viral Coinfection of Children Hospitalized with Severe Acute Respiratory Infections during COVID-19 Pandemic. Biomedicines, 11(5), 1402. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11051402

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