Citrus limon L.-Derived Nanovesicles Show an Inhibitory Effect on Cell Growth in p53-Inactivated Colorectal Cancer Cells via the Macropinocytosis Pathway
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preparation Nanovesicles
2.2. Transmission Electron Microscopy
2.3. Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis
2.4. Resistive Pulse Sensing
2.5. Cell Culture
2.6. Cell Growth Assay
2.7. Labeling Nanovesicles and Uptake for Cells
2.8. Citrate Assay
2.9. Intracellular pH Measurement
2.10. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Isolation and Identification of Nanovesicles from Citrus limon L.
Particle Concentration | Protein Concentration | Citrate Concentration |
---|---|---|
3.38 × 1011 particles/mL | 625 μg/mL | 0.111 nM |
3.2. Citrus limon L.-Derived Nanovesicles Cause p53-Dependent Cell Growth Inhibition
3.3. p53 Deficiency Enhance the Uptake of Citrus limon L.-Derived Nanovesicles via Macropinocytosis in HCT116 Cells
3.4. Citrate Shows p53-Independent Inhibitory Effects on HCT116 Cells
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Takakura, H.; Nakao, T.; Narita, T.; Horinaka, M.; Nakao-Ise, Y.; Yamamoto, T.; Iizumi, Y.; Watanabe, M.; Sowa, Y.; Oda, K.; et al. Citrus limon L.-Derived Nanovesicles Show an Inhibitory Effect on Cell Growth in p53-Inactivated Colorectal Cancer Cells via the Macropinocytosis Pathway. Biomedicines 2022, 10, 1352. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10061352
Takakura H, Nakao T, Narita T, Horinaka M, Nakao-Ise Y, Yamamoto T, Iizumi Y, Watanabe M, Sowa Y, Oda K, et al. Citrus limon L.-Derived Nanovesicles Show an Inhibitory Effect on Cell Growth in p53-Inactivated Colorectal Cancer Cells via the Macropinocytosis Pathway. Biomedicines. 2022; 10(6):1352. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10061352
Chicago/Turabian StyleTakakura, Hideki, Toshimasa Nakao, Takumi Narita, Mano Horinaka, Yukako Nakao-Ise, Tetsushi Yamamoto, Yosuke Iizumi, Motoki Watanabe, Yoshihiro Sowa, Keisuke Oda, and et al. 2022. "Citrus limon L.-Derived Nanovesicles Show an Inhibitory Effect on Cell Growth in p53-Inactivated Colorectal Cancer Cells via the Macropinocytosis Pathway" Biomedicines 10, no. 6: 1352. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10061352