Biosensors for Detection and Monitoring of Joint Infections
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Selection
2.1.1. Inclusion Criteria
2.1.2. Exclusion Criteria
2.2. Search
2.3. Data Collection Process
2.4. Data Items
2.5. Study Risk of Bias Assessment
3. Results
3.1. Search results
3.2. Study Characteristics
3.3. Use of Biosensors in the Diagnosis of JI
Author and Year | Journal Name | Type of Study and Level of Evidence | Sample Size | Joint Involved | Primary Surgery/Revision |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jacovides et al., 2012 [18] | The Jurnal of Bone and Joint Surgery | Diagnostic study, LOE III | 341 (133 men) | Knee or Hip | PJI |
Rasouli et al., 2012 [23] | The Journal of arthroplasty | Prospective observational study, LOE III | 65 (33 men) | Knee | PJI |
Chang et al., 2014 [24] | Lab on a Chip | Laboratory study | 9 (6 men) | Not specified | PJI |
Fargašová et al., 2017 [25] | Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research | Laboratory study | 4 (sex not specified) | Knee | PJI |
Author and Year | Type of Bacteria | Biosensor | Clinical Specimen | Characteristics of the Biosensor | Advantages |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jacovides et al., 2012 [18] | Candida spp., Streptococcus spp., Treponema spp., Peptostreptococcus spp., corynebacterium spp., Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp. | Ibis T5000 biosensor (PCR and Mass spectrometry) | Joint fluid and/or tissue specimens | The Ibis technique is based on the principle that microbial organisms have genomes containing sets of shared genes at various taxonomic levels and that can provide targets for detection and speciation. The broadest range primers are designed to amplify a product from an entire domain of microbial life. In contrast, more specific primers are designed to identify genera and species in major pathogenic groups, as well as genes that determine antibiotic resistance. The presence of one or more organisms, the presence of staphylococci and/or streptococci, and a confidence level of >0.7 for the identification of any organism had the most significant sensitivity for PJI Limitations: The sensitivity of Ibis is not high as that of conventional PCR | The Ibis looks to be a viable tool for identifying organisms in periprosthetic joint infection that is culture-negative. Its great sensitivity prevents its use as a diagnostic tool for periprosthetic joint infection at this time, as it appears to be capable of detecting organisms that are not linked with clinically significant illness. Nonetheless, we feel these data point to the complex biology of periprosthetic joint infection, and we believe they constitute true-positive results. |
Rasouli et al., 2012 [23] | Candida spp., Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp. | Ibis T5000 biosensor (PCR and Mass spectrometry) | Joint fluid | Ibis identified a pathogen with a confidence level of 0.7 or higher in a total of 36 cases. Limitations: The sensitivity of Ibis is not high as that of conventional PCR | The Ibis T5000 universal biosensor is a promising technology that has been utilized to identify a wide range of pathogens in sepsis. It has the potential to overcome the limitations of the PCR approach for PJI diagnosis. Furthermore, pan-genomic amplification may allow Ibis to detect infecting organisms that would otherwise be missed by traditional PCR. |
Chang et al., 2014 [24] | Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp. and Acynetobacter spp. | Integrated microfluidic chip (EIS) | Joint fluid | Biosensors have micro-components for liquid transportation, such as normally closed valves and pneumatically driven micro-pumps, so that samples and reagents can be regulated automatically by the integrated control system. | A new microfluidic system was developed for rapid and accurate diagnosis of PJI instead of the conventional methods for PJI diagnosis |
Fargašová et al., 2017 [25] | Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes | Magnetically assisted surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (MA-SERS) | Joint fluid | MA-SERS uses streptavidin-modified magnetic nanoparticles whose surface is functionalized with suitable biotinylated antibodies and then coated with silver nanoparticles by self-assembly. | The MA-SERS procedure is simple, versatile, inexpensive, and quick to perform. Moreover, it could be a valid alternative to Koch′s culturing or colony counting methods |
3.4. Quality Assessment
4. Discussion
4.1. Sensor Measure Chain
4.2. Working Principles and Transduction Mechanisms
- -
- Electrochemical sensors;
- -
- Optical sensors;
- -
- Conductometric sensors;
- -
- Piezoelectric sensors;
- -
- Surface plasmon resonance sensors.
4.2.1. Electrochemical Sensors
4.2.2. Optical Sensors
4.2.3. Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors
4.2.4. Conductometric Sensors
4.2.5. Acoustic and Piezoelectric Sensors
4.3. Sensing Materials
4.4. Focus on Joint Infections
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Author | Clearly Stated Aim | Inclusion of Consecutive Patients | Prospective Data Collection | Endpoints Appropriate to Study Aim | Unbiased Assessment of Study Endpoint | Follow-Uup Period Appropriate to Study Aim | <5% Lost to Follow-Up | Prospective Calculation of Study Size | Adequate Control Group | Contemporary Groups | Baseline Equivalence of Groups | Adequate Statistical Analyses | Total Score (…/24) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chang et al., 2015 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 14 |
Jacovides et al., 2012 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 18 |
Rasouli et al., 2012 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 18 |
Fargašová et al., 2017 [25] | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 10 |
Method | Technology | Cost | Where | Performances |
---|---|---|---|---|
EIS (Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy) [52,53] | Impedance measurement of a system linked to the AC potentials frequency | Medium/Low | Lab/Home | High |
Cyclic Voltammetry [53] | Measurement of the current that develops in an electrochemical cell applying a triangular potential to the cell | Low | Lab/Home | Medium/High |
Amperometry [53,54] | Measurement of the current generated on an electrode | Low | Lab/Home | Medium/High |
QCM (Quartz Crystal Microbalance) [55,56] | Measurement of a mass variation by measuring the change in frequency of a quartz crystal resonator | Medium/Low | Lab | Medium |
Plasmon Resonance [57,58,59,60,61] | Measurement of light absorption of a metal surface caused by refractive index changes | High | Lab | Very High |
Fiber Bragg grating (FBG)-based optoelectronic micro-indenter [62] | Measurement of a wavelength shift | High | Lab | Medium |
Dimerization-dependent red fluorescent protein [63] | Measurement of a fluorescence | High | Lab | High |
Fluoro-microbeads guiding chips [64] | Measurement of a fluorescence | High | Lab | High |
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Longo, U.G.; De Salvatore, S.; Zompanti, A.; Di Naro, C.; Grasso, S.; Casciaro, C.; Sabatini, A.; Mazzola, A.; Pennazza, G.; Santonico, M.; et al. Biosensors for Detection and Monitoring of Joint Infections. Chemosensors 2021, 9, 256. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9090256
Longo UG, De Salvatore S, Zompanti A, Di Naro C, Grasso S, Casciaro C, Sabatini A, Mazzola A, Pennazza G, Santonico M, et al. Biosensors for Detection and Monitoring of Joint Infections. Chemosensors. 2021; 9(9):256. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9090256
Chicago/Turabian StyleLongo, Umile Giuseppe, Sergio De Salvatore, Alessandro Zompanti, Calogero Di Naro, Simone Grasso, Carlo Casciaro, Anna Sabatini, Alessandro Mazzola, Giorgio Pennazza, Marco Santonico, and et al. 2021. "Biosensors for Detection and Monitoring of Joint Infections" Chemosensors 9, no. 9: 256. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9090256